Lake Vida

Infobox_lake
lake_name = Lake Vida
image_lake =
caption_lake =
image_bathymetry = Lake_Vida.pngcaption_bathymetry = Map of approximate location
coords = coord|77|23|S|161|56|E|type:waterbody_region:AQ|display=inline,title
type = Endorheic
inflow = Victoria River, Kite Stream
outflow =
catchment = Vida Basin
basin_countries = (Antarctica)
length = 5 km
width =
area = 6.8 km²
depth = "undetermined"
max-depth = 5 m (estimate)
volume = "undetermined"
shore =
elevation = 351.0 m
islands = 0 ("none")
cities = "none"

Lake Vida lies in Victoria Valley, one of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, on the continent of Antarctica. It is isolated under year-round ice cover, and considerably more saline than seawater. It came to public attention in 2002 when microbes frozen in its ice cover for more than 2,800 years were successfully thawed and reanimated.

Introduction

Lake Vida is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valley region and is a closed-basin endorheic lake. The top waters of Lake Vida are frozen year-round to a depth of at least 19 m forming an ice-seal over briny waters that are seven times as saline as seawater [Doren, P. T. "et al." (2003) [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=140872 Formation and character of an ancient 19-m ice cover and underlying trapped brine in an “ice-sealed” east Antarctic lake] . "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA", 100, 26–31 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.222680999)] [Ball, P. (2002) [http://cips.berkeley.edu/newsclips/021216-3/ Buried lake could test life's limits] . "Nature" summary of Doren "et al." (2003)] . This icecap is the thickest non-glacial ice on earth. The high salinity allow for the lake bottom waters to remain liquid at an average yearly water temperature of -10°C. The ice cap has sealed the saline lake water from external air and water for thousands of years creating a time capsule for ancient DNA. This combination of lake features make Lake Vida a unique lacustrine ecosystem on Earth [ [http://www.dri.edu/People/cfritsen/grads/Mosier.html Desert Research Institute] from the homepage of Annika Mosier] .

The lake gained widespread recognition in December 2002 when a research team, led by the University of Illinois at Chicago's Peter Doran, announced the discovery of 2,800 year old halophile microbes (primarily filamentous cyanobacteria) preserved in ice layer core samples drilled in 1996 [National Science Foundation [http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr02100.htm press release] for Doran "et al." (2003)] . The microbes reanimated upon thawing, grew and reproduced. Due to this discovery and the freezing mechanisms forming Lake Vida's ice-seal, Lake Vida is now noted as a location for research into Earth's climate and life under extreme conditions, specifically the fauna that could have existed on Mars. The unmanned Lake Vida Meteorological Station monitors conditions around the lake year round for such scientific study [ [http://huey.colorado.edu/LTER/datasets/meteorology/vida.html Lake Vida Meteorology Station] ] [ [http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/McMurdoVT/Vida.html 360° Panorama] from Lake Vida Meteorologic Station] .

The lake itself has no permanent human settlements. The nearby Lake Vida Meteorological Station is unmanned, sending meteorological data to McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research organization. The closest human settlement is Scott Base McMurdo approximately 125 km away [ [http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/publications/cfg0402.pdf Contaminents in Freezing Ground] , Sanpe et. al,] . In addition to the unmanned observation station, a 5-day emergency supply of food for 6 people is cached 600 meters from the southwestern shore [ [http://quest.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/NSF/field-guide/append.html NASA Quest] , the Lake Vida cache] . Research teams establish temporary camps from which research activities are conducted on short term basis in the summer months.

Hydrology

Lake Vida has at least two named inflows, Victoria River and Kite Stream. Victoria River passes through the Vida Basin into Victoria Valley, Victoria Land as ephemeral glacial meltwater from the Upper Victoria Glacier, draining from Upper Victoria Lake to finally drain into the west end of Lake Vida. Kite Stream is also located in the Vida Basin and flows as ephemeral glacial meltwater west from the Victoria Lower Glacier into the east end of Lake Vida. The United States Geological Survey's Atlas of Antarctic Research maps up to nine Lake Vida inflows or outflows including Victoria River and Kite Stream. The inflows and outflows are normally dry due to average annual temperatures from -15 to -30°C at Lake Vida. Meltwater flows for a few weeks in the summer months when temperatures rise sufficiently for the nearby glaciers to melt. The McMurdo Dry Valleys are classified as extreme desert, the area receives less than 10 cm of snow precipitation a year, this snow builds the nearby glaciers.

Geology

Main geological features

In the vicinity of Lake Vida, a variety of geological features are noted, the most significant being glaciers, lakes, valleys, ridges, and summits. There are approximately 25 named glaciers within a 25 km radius with the nearest being Upper Victoria Glacier, Packard Glacier, Clark Glacier, and Clio Glacier. In the same radius, there are approximately 14 named ridges with the nearest being Robertsons Ridge, Helios Ridge, and Nottage Ridge. In addition to Victoria Valley, there are 16 named valleys with the nearest being Sanford Valley, Barwick Valley and McKelvey Valley. In addition to Upper Victoria Lake that feeds Lake Vida with meltwater, there are approximately 11 other lakes, the nearest being Lake Thomas. The summits around Lake Vida are as follows, Mautino Peak, Mount Saga, Mount Allen, Mount Theseus, Mount Cerberus, Mount Insel, Nickell Peak, and Sponsors Peak.

Other geological features

Other more minor features include benches, cliffs, gaps, and streams [ [http://usarc.usgs.gov/ant-ogc-viewer/viewer.htm USGS USGS Atlas of Antarctic Research] ] . Sand dunes form between Lake Vida and Lake Victoria.

Natural History

Kite stream is named after a researcher, James Kite, who found numerous meteorites in the area (1977-1978) [ [http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=127453 Kite Stream] , Australian Antarctic Data Center] .

History

Lake Vida lies north of Mount Cerberus in the Victoria Valley of Victoria Land. Named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (1958-59) after Vida (Vaida), a sledge dog of the Nimrod Expedition, 1910-13 [ [http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=133257 Australian Antarctic Data Centre SCAR Gazetteer] Reference No 15493] . Lake Vida was originally thought to be frozen to the lakebed [ [http://web.pdx.edu/~cdelany/Papers/Research_Proposal.pdf Synthetic Aperture Radar detection of changes in ice and soil surfaces, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica] ] .

Economy

Lake Vida has no noted economic features. Any commercial benefits from the scientific expeditions to Lake Vida are indirect.

Species lists

The following eukaryote species have been catalogued within 1 degree [ [http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/biodiversity/species_near_place.cfm?lat=-77.38333330&lon=161.95&offset=1.0 Australian Antarctic Data Center, SCAR Gazetteer] ] of Lake Vida:

Kingdom Animalia
* Phylum Arthropoda : "Alloptes stercorarii" (arachnida, mite), "Tydeus setsukoae" (arachnida, mite)
* Phylum Rotifera : " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Philodina Philodina] " spp.
* Phylum Tardigrada : Unknown sp.

Kingdom Fungi
* Division Ascomycota : " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepraria Lepraria"] sp.

Kingdom Plantae
* Division Bryophyta : " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bryum_argenteum Bryum argenteum] ", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bryum_pseudotriquetrum Bryum pseudotriquetrum] ", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bryum Bryum] subrotundifolium", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ceratodon_purpureus Ceratodon purpureus] ", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Didymodon Didymodon] gelidus", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grimmia Grimmia] antarctici", "Grimmia" sp., " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pottia Pottia] heimii", " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sarconeurum Sarconeurum] glaciale",
* Division Marchantiophyta : " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cephaloziellaceae Cephaloziella] exiliflora"

Kingdom Protista
* Phylum Ciliophora : "Chilodonella" sp., "Epistylis" sp., "Euplotes" sp., "Halteria" sp., "Homalozoon" sp., "Nassula" sp., "Oxytricha" sp., "Pleuronema" sp., "Podophrya" sp., "Pyxidium" sp., "Saprophilus" sp., "Spathidium" sp., "Sphaerophrya" sp., "Vorticella" sp.
* Phylum Sarcomastigophora : " [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acanthocystidae Acanthocystis] " sp., "Actinophyrys" sp.,
* Phylum Euglenozoa : "Bodo" sp. (kinetoplastid)

Notes

References

* [http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828pdf/nsf9828h.pdf McMurdo Dry Valley Long Term Ecological Research]
* [http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828pdf/nsf9828i.pdf Terrestrial Biology]
* [http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~lkbonney/DOCS/Publications/DoranEtAl2004Paleolimnology.pdf Paleolimnology of Extreme Cold Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments]
* [http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/usdc/papers/5388-32-Gopher-4-Subsurface-Ice-and-Brine-Sampling.pdf Subsurface Ice and Brine Sampling]
* [http://www.powermacintosh.net/science.html Antarctic Lake Yields Ancient Bacteria]
* [http://www.worldiscoveries.com/extremeworld.html#lakevida Lake Vida, Antarctica]

See also

* Astrobiology
* Extremophile

External links

; Resources
* [http://huey.colorado.edu/LTER/datasets/meteorology/vida.html Meteorological Station Measurements, University of Colorado] , Lake Vida entry
* [http://huey.colorado.edu/diatoms/waterbodies/waterbody_summary.php?pageNum_rs_waterbodies=21&totalRows_rs_waterbodies=24&waterbody_ID=8 Antarctic Freshwater Diatoms, University of Colorado] , Lake Vida entry
* [http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/icds/projects/vida.html Ice Coring and Drilling Services Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison] , Lake Vida entry
* [http://www.mcmlter.org/queries/met/get_met_tables.jsp?metStation=VIAM McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research VIAM data tables] , Lake Vida entry
* [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=140872&rendertype=figure&id=F1 Lake Vida bathymetry] , "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
* [http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/LakeVida.html David Darling's Encyclopedia of Astrobiology] , Lake Vida entry; News items
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2581485.stm "Lake Water Secret"] , BBC news item
* [http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/oldissues99-2000/2000_0206/vida.html "Looking for lessons at Vida"] , "The Antarctic Sun" news item on borehole pollution at Lake Vida ; Photographs
* [http://lava.nationalgeographic.com/cgi-bin/pod/PhotoOfTheDay.cgi?day=25&month=1&year=04 National Geographic photograph of Lake Vida]
* [http://www.sethwhite.org/hucks%20pics%20from%20lake%20vida.htm Images of Antarctica, a personal collection] , Lake Vida photographs