Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889

The Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 was a wildfire in California which burned large parts of Orange County and San Diego County during the last week of September, 1889. Previously called the Great Fire of 1889.

Assistant Regional Forester (USFS), L.A. Barrett, who wrote a 1935 report on California wildfires, said of it: "I was living in Orange County at the time and well remember the great fire reported herein from September 24 to 26. Nothing like it occurred in California since the National Forests have been administered. In fact in my 33 years in the Service I have never seen a forest or brush fire to equal it. This one covered an enormous scope of country and burned very rapidly."

Conditions leading up to this 1889 fire event is a much longer and more severe annual drought, with rains largely ceasing in March and less than 1 cm of precipitation being recorded for the 5½ months prior (records from the National Archives). This was coupled with multiple foehn wind events (known as “northers” or Santa Anas) that month, one of which occurred about 10 days prior and likely added to the dryness of fuels. Temperatures during the week prior remained high and were coupled with several severe fires in San Diego County in which “at least 10,000 acres have burned over, a dwelling house consumed and other property destroyed” (Daily San Diegan 1889b).

Overview

In addition to the Santiago Canyon Fire, there were serveral other significant fires fanned by the same [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale gale force] Santa Ana winds in San Diego and San Bernardino counties. The Santiago Canyon Fire was the largest and has been estimated as being greater than 300,000 acres (125,000 ha). Another in San Diego County has been estimated to have been greater than 60,000 acres (Halsey 2008). The Orange County fire burned through areas of chaparral and coastal sage scrub, as well as a number of farm fields in the Santa Ana Valley, where farmers attempted to control the fire by plowing ahead of it (Orange News 1889).

ize

USFS Regional Forester L.A. Barrett (1935), in reference to the size stated that "Nothing like it occurred in California since the National Forests have been administered. In fact in my 33 years in the Service I have never seen a forest or brush fire to equal it." Since his career included the 1932 Matilija Fire, which was over 220,000 acres (~89,000 ha), we can infer it was much larger than 200,000 acres. A thorough study of newspaper accounts suggests it was on the order of 300,000 acres (~125,000 ha) (Keeley and Zedler, in press). Other estimates have claimed a smaller size (Goforth and Minnich 2007).

One of the first reports of the fire was delievered by telegraph. "By Telegraph. Mountain Fires! Fires Near Santa Ana. Los Angeles, Sept. 25. - A special to the Tribune from Santa Ana says the mountains for about twenty miles east of that city were on fire last night. The fire originated in Santiago cañon, in a sheepherder’s camp, and as the wind was blowing a perfect gale from off the desert the mountains were soon red with the angry flames. About 50,000 sacks of barley, threshed and unthreshed, on the San Joaquin ranch, invites the flames from the surrounding hilltops" (Riverside DPT 1889).

"The Fires. Reported From Nearly all Sections of the County. Reports from different sections of the county show that last week’s fires were widespread. For two days there were over thirty miles of burning brush on the westside of Santa Rosa Range, and thousands of sheep are supposed to have lost their lives in the conflagration. In the Aliso District, near Encinitas, the fire raged several days, resulting in a heavy loss of crops to the farmers in that section… the most extensive fires for years have been raging on the Santa Margarita ranch. A bridge on the line of the California Southern railway, below Temecula, was burned as the result of forest fires. Fires near Julian burned considerable timber and did other damage" (Daily San Diegan 1889b).

"Fires in Three Counties. During the past three or four days destructive fires have been raging in San Bernardino, Orange and San Diego severely. Mr. Warren Wilson, who arrived from San Diego yesterday, says it is a positive fact that two or three thousand sheep were burned near Santa Ana, while great quantities of grain in the bag, fencing, hay, etc., have been destroyed. So far, no human lives are reported lost. A fatality seems to follow this ill-omened year of 1889. Fire and flood and earthquake shocks have marked this year for their own. It is a year of disasters, wide-spread destruction of life and property – and, well, a year of horrors" (Daily Courier 1889).

References

*Daily Courier. 1889. San Bernardino, September 27.
*Daily San Diegan. 1889a. September 20.
*Daily San Diegan. 1889b. September 30.
*Goforth, B.R. and R.A. Minnich. 2007. [http://www.earthscience.ucr.edu/people/minnich/i1051-0761-017-03-0779.pdf"Evidence, exaggeration, and error in historical accounts of chaparral wildfires in California"] . Ecological Applications 17: 779-790.
*Halsey, R.W. 2008. Fire, Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego. CA. In press.
*Keeley, J.E. 2004. [http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/IJWF2.pdf"Impact of Antecedent Climate on Fire Regimes in Coastal California"] . International Journal of Wildland Fire 13:1-11] .
*Keeley, J.E., C.J. Fotheringham, and M.A. Moritz. 2004. [http://www.werc.usgs.gov/seki/pdfs/K2004_Lessons%20From%20the%20October%202003.pdf"Lessons from the 2003 wildfires in southern California"] . Journal of Forestry 102: 26-31.
*Los Angeles Times. 1889. September 27.
*Orange News. 1889. September 2.
*Riverside DPT. 1889. Riverside Daily Press and Tribune, September 25, 1889.

External links

* [http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_current CalFire Fire Information]
* [http://www.californiachaparral.org/chaparralmyths.html California Chaparral Institute]