Fashionable Nonsense

"Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science" (ISBN 0-312-20407-8; French: "Impostures Intellectuelles"; published in the UK as "Intellectual Impostures", ISBN 1-86197-631-3) is a book by professors Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont. Sokal is best known for the Sokal Affair, in which he submitted an article full of "nonsense" [cite web
url = http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html
title = A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies
accessmonthday = March 5
accessyear = 2008
author = Alan D. Sokal
last = Sokal
first = Alan
authorlink = Alan Sokal
work = Lingua Franca
year = 1996
month = May] to "Social Text", a critical theory journal, and was able to get it published.

"Fashionable Nonsense" was published in 1997 in France, and in 1998 in the United States. As part of the so-called science wars, the book criticizes postmodernism in academia for what it claims are misuses of scientific and mathematical concepts in postmodern writing. Within the humanities, the response to the book was bitterly divided. Some were delighted, some enraged; reaction was polarized between impassioned supporters and equally impassioned opponents of Sokal. [cite web
url = http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue22/epstei22.htm
title = Postmodernism and the Left
accessmonthday = March 5
accessyear = 2008
author = Epstein, Barbara
last = Epstein
first = Barbara
authorlink = Barbara Epstein
work = New Politics
year = 1997
month = Winter] Critics of Sokal and Bricmont charge that they lack understanding of the writing they were criticizing. Responses from the scientific community were far more blunt and supportive.

The book's thesis

"Fashionable Nonsense" examines two related topics:

* the allegedly incompetent and pretentious usage of scientific concepts by a small group of influential philosophers and intellectuals;
* the problems of cognitive relativism, the idea that "modern science is nothing more than a 'myth', a 'narration' or a 'social construction' among many others"cite book
last = Sokal
first = Alan
authorlink = Alan Sokal
coauthors = Jean Bricmont
title = Fashionable Nonsense
publisher = Picador
date = 1998
location = New York
pages =
isbn = 0312195451] as seen in the Strong Programme in the sociology of science.

Incorrect use of scientific concepts

The stated goal of the book is not to attack "philosophy, the humanities or the social sciences in general... [but] to warn those who work in them (especially students) against some manifest cases of charlatanism."citequote In particular to "deconstruct" the notion that some books and writers are difficult because they deal with profound and difficult ideas. "If the texts seem incomprehensible, it is for the excellent reason that they mean precisely nothing."citequote

The book includes long extracts from the works of Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, Paul Virilio, Gilles Deleuze, Luce Irigaray, Bruno Latour, and Jean Baudrillard who are considered by some to be leading academics of Continental philosophy, critical theory, psychoanalysis or social sciences. Sokal and Bricmont set out to show how those intellectuals have used concepts from the physical sciences and mathematics incorrectly. The extracts are intentionally rather long to avoid accusations of taking sentences out of context.

Sokal and Bricmont claim that they do not intend to analyze postmodernist thought in general. They aim to draw attention to the abuse of concepts from mathematics and physics, where abuse means:
* Using scientific or pseudoscientific terminology without bothering much about what these words mean.
* Importing concepts from the natural sciences into the humanities without the slightest justification, and without providing any rationale for their use.
* Displaying superficial erudition by shamelessly throwing around technical terms where they are irrelevant, presumably to impress and intimidate the non-specialist reader.
* Manipulating words and phrases that are, in fact, meaningless. Self-assurance on topics far beyond the competence of the author and exploiting the prestige of science to give discourses a veneer of rigor.

The book gives a chapter to each of the above mentioned authors, "the tip of iceberg" of a group of intellectual practices that can be described as "mystification, deliberately obscure language, confused thinking and the misuse of scientific concepts."citequote For example, Luce Irigaray is criticised for asserting that E=mc² is a "sexed equation" because "it privileges the speed of light over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us"; and for asserting that fluid mechanics is unfairly neglected because it deals with "feminine" fluids in contrast to "masculine" rigid mechanics. Similarly, Lacan is criticized for drawing analogies between topology and mental illness that, in Sokal and Bricmont's view, are unsupported by any argument and are "not just false: [they] are gibberish".citequote

The postmodernist conception of science

Sokal and Bricmont highlight the rising tide of what they call cognitive relativism, the belief that there are no objective truths but only local beliefs. They argue that this view is held by a number of people, including people who the authors label "postmodernists" and the Strong Programme in the sociology of science, and that it is illogical, impractical, and dangerous. Their aim is "not to criticize the left, but to help defend it from a trendy segment of itself." [Sokal, Alan D. and Bricmont, Jean. Imposturas intelectuales. Ediciones Paidos Ibéricas: Barcelona, 1999. p.17. ISBN 84-493-0531-4] Quoting Michael Albert, "there is nothing truthful, wise, humane, or strategic about confusing hostility to injustice and oppression, which is leftist, with hostility to science and rationality, which is nonsense." [Sokal, Alan D. and Bricmont, Jean. Imposturas intelectuales. Ediciones Paidos Ibéricas: Barcelona, 1999. p.17. ISBN 84-493-0531-4]

upport for Sokal and Bricmont

Richard Dawkins, (speaking about Lacan) in a review of this book said "We do not need the mathematical expertise of Sokal and Bricmont to assure us that the author of this stuff is a fake. Perhaps he is genuine when he speaks of non-scientific subjects? But a philosopher who is caught equating the erectile organ to the square root of minus one has, for my money, blown his credentials when it comes to things that I don’t know anything about."cite web
url=http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html
title=Postmodernism disrobed
accessmonthday=March 18
accessyear=2008
author=Richard Dawkins
last=Dawkins
first=Richard
authorlink=Richard Dawkins
date=9 July 1998
work=Nature, vol. 394
pages=141–143]

Criticism of Sokal and Bricmont's arguments

The book has been subject to heavy criticism by post-modern philosophers and otherwise scholars with some interest in continental philosophy. Bruce Fink (who did the first complete English translation of Jacques Lacan's "Ecrits") offers a critique in his book "Lacan to the Letter", where he accuses Sokal and Bricmont of demanding that "serious writing" do nothing other than "convey clear meanings".cite book
last = Fink
first = Bruce
authorlink = Bruce Fink
title = Lacan to the Letter
publisher = University of Minnesota Press
date = 2004
location = Minneapolis
pages = 130
isbn = 0816643202] Fink asserts that some concepts which Sokal and Bricmont consider arbitrary or meaningless do have roots in the history of linguistics, and that Lacan is explicitly using mathematical concepts in a metaphoric way, not claiming that his concepts are mathematically founded. He takes Sokal and Bricmont to task for elevating a disagreement with Lacan's choice of writing styles to an attack on his thought, which, in Fink's assessment, they fail to understand. Fink says that "Lacan could easily assume that his faithful seminar public... would go to the library or the bookstore and 'bone up' on at least some of his passing allusions".

Although Fink acknowledges that Lacan is difficult to read, admitting that "most of us — even those of us who devote a lot of time and energy to deciphering Lacan's work — become infuriated with him for it at one point or another," he also accuses Sokal and Bricmont of having "no idea whatsoever what Lacan is up to" [Fink, p. 132.] Sokal and Bricmont tacitly admit as much, saying that they "readily admit that we do not always understand the rest of these authors' work". [Sokal and Bricmont, p. 9.] Their position is that they are merely critiquing the misuse of scientific and mathematical concepts, which, as scientists, they do understand.

This latter point, however, is disputed by critics such as Arkady Plotnitsky, who holds graduate degrees in both mathematics and literature. [cite web
last = Plotnitsky
first = Arkady
authorlink = Arkady Plotnitsky
title = Vita
date = Spring 2006
url = http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~plotnits/Documents/aplotnit_vita.pdf
format = PDF
accessdate = 2008-03-18] He suggests four central problems with Sokal and Bricmont. First, they lack familiarity with the subject matter and context of the works that they criticize. Second, they ignore the historical contexts of the use of mathematics and science. Third, they generally show a lack of aptitude for philosophy. Fourth, they do not show an understanding of the history or philosophy of mathematics and science, and indeed display less understanding of the mathematics than Lacan does in some areas. Plotnitsky particularly holds that "some of their claims concerning mathematical objects in question and specifically complex numbers are incorrect," [cite book
last = Plotnitsky
first = Arkady
authorlink = Arkady Plotnitsky
title = The Knowable and the Unknowable
publisher = University of Michigan Press
date = 2002
location = Ann Arbor
pages = 112–113
isbn = 0472097970] making their attack on Lacan for similar errors particularly egregious.

References

ee also

*Sokal affair
*Science wars
*Pseudoscience
*Beyond the Hoax
*Cargo cult science

External links

* [http://mtprof.msun.edu/Fall1999/nosense.html Review by Matthew Benacquista]
* [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/index.html Alan Sokal Articles on the "Social Text" Affair] , including the original article
* [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html Review of "Intellectual Impostures" in Nature, 1998] by Richard Dawkins
* [http://www.elsewhere.org/pomo Post Modern Generator: an online computer simulation of PoMo writing described in “On the Simulation of Postmodernism and Mental Debility Using Recursive Transition Networks”. An on-line copy is available from Monash University.]