Robert Simpson (meteorologist)

.Born in Corpus Christi, Texas, he survived the devastating landfall of a hurricane at age six. Fascinated by the weather, he went on to get a bachelor's degree in physics from Southwestern University in 1932, and a graduate degree in physics from Emory University in 1935. Finding no work as a physicist during the Great Depression, he taught music in Texas high schools. [ [http://www.ucar.edu/archives/publications/simpson-robert%20interview.pdf An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser] ] In 1940,he was hired by the United States Weather Bureau. First assigned as an observer at Brownsville, Texas, he was then temporarily assigned to Swan Island. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he was promoted to forecaster at the New Orleans office. After a year, he was enrolled at the University of Chicago for graduate studies. After a stint as a hurricane forecaster in Miami under Grady Norton, he was assigned to help create the Army Air Force weather school in Panama. There he had his first flight into a tropical cyclone. After the war, he persuaded Air Force Hurricane Hunters to allow him to fly along on what he called 'piggy back missions', where he would take scientific observations using the primitive instruments.

Following VJ day and the dissolution of the weather school, Simpson returned to Miami. He was then assigned to Weather Bureau headquarters, working directly for Dr. [http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/Reichelderfer/welcome.html Francis Reichelderfer] . In 1949, Reichelderfer assigned Simpson to Hawai'i to be in charge of consolidating the Weather Bureau's Pacific operations. There he founded a weather observation station on [http://www.mlo.noaa.gov/home.html Mauna Loa] , studied Kona lows [Robert Simpson, “Evolution of the Kona Storm; a Subtropical Cyclone,” "Journal of Meteorology" Vol. 9 (Feb. 1952): 24-35.] , and flew a research mission into Typhoon Marge [Robert H. Simpson, “Exploring Eye of Typhoon Marge 1951,” "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society" Vol. 33 No. 7 (Sept. 1952): 286-298.] aboard a specifically equipped Air Force weather plane. He continually urged Weather Bureau management to fund modest levels of hurricane research, but budgets during the early 1950s didn't allow this. Then the devastating 1954 Atlantic hurricane season changed the minds of several New England congressmen, and a special appropriation was passed to improve the Weather Bureau's hurricane warning system. Reichelderfer appointed Bob Simpson to head up the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) in 1955.

For the next four years, Simpson navigated NHRP through the shoals of bureaucratic uncertainty. Once NHRP was assured longevity in 1959, Simpson left the Project to finish his doctorate in meteorology at the University of Chicago, studying under his friend Dr. Herbert Riehl. On completing his degree, he returned to Washington to become the Weather Bureau's Deputy Director of Research (Severe Storms), where he helped establish the National Severe Storms Project (later to become the National Severe Storms Laboratory). In 1961, he obtained a National Science Foundation grant to study seeding hurricanes with silver iodide. He put together an experiment using NHRP and United States Navy aircraft to seed Hurricane Esther. The encouraging results led the Weather Bureau and the Navy to start Project STORMFURY in 1962, with Simpson as Director. He headed up the Project for the next three years, including the seeding of Hurricane Beulah in 1963. He married [http://www.nasa.gov/lb/vision/earth/lookingatearth/simpson_bio.html Joanne Malkus] in 1965 and persuaded her to take over as Director of STORMFURY for the next two years as he became Director of Operations for the Weather Bureau.

In 1967, Simpson became Deputy Director of the National Hurricane Center (NHC), in anticipation of the retirement of his friend, Gordon Dunn. Simpson reorganized NHC, making it separate from the Miami Weather Bureau office, and established the position of 'hurricane specialist' for NHC's senior forecasters. He directed NHC from 1968 to 1974, during which time he co-developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir [Robert Simpson, “The Disaster Potential Scale,” "Weatherwise" (1963): v.27 169-180.] , established a dedicated satellite unit at NHC, studied neutercanes, and began issuing advisories on subtropical storms. His controversial remarks to Vice President Spiro Agnew in the wake of Hurricane Camille led to an upgrade of the Air Force and Navy Hurricane Hunter squadrons, and persuaded NOAA to improve their hurricane research aircraft. [ [http://www.ucar.edu/archives/publications/simpson-robert%20interview.pdf An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser] ]

He retired from government service in 1974, turning NHC over to his Deputy Director Neil Frank. He and Joanne returned to Washington, where they established a weather consulting firm, [http://www.swa.com Simpson Weather Associates] in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this time he became a Certified Consulting Meteorologist. Both he and Joanne joined the faculty of the University of Virginia in the Environmental Sciences department. In that capacity, he participated in several international scientific experiments, such as GATE, MONEX, ITEX, and Toga COARE. He co-authored the book "The Hurricane and Its Impacts" with Herbert Riehl [Herbert Riehl and Robert Simpson, "The Hurricane and Its Impact" (1981): 'LSU Press: Baton Rouge, LA', 398 pp.] , and recently was senior editor and contributing author to "HURRICANE! Coping with Disaster." [Robert Simpson, R. Anthes, M. Garstang, J. Simpson (eds.), "Hurricane! Coping with Disaster" (2003): 'AGU: Washington, DC', 399 pp.]

He is an Honorary Member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and a Fellow of the Explorers Club of New York. He is the recipient of Gold Medals from both the U.S. Department of Commerce and from France, and of the Cleveland Abbe Award from the AMS. Presently, he is living in Washington, DC with Joanne.

References

Other significant references

*Robert Simpson, “Structure of an Immature Hurricane,” "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society" Vol. 35 No. 8 (October 1954): 335-350.

*Robert Simpson, “Hurricanes,” "Scientific American" (1954): 32-37.

*Robert Simpson, “Liquid Water in Squall Lines and Hurricanes at air temperatures lower than -40° C,” "Mon. Wea. Rev." (1963): v.91 687-693.

*Robert Simpson and Joanne Malkus, “Why Experiment on Tropical Hurricanes?,” "Trans. NY Acad of Sci" (1966): v.28 n.8.

External links

* [http://www.novalynx.com/simpson-interview.html An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson] - The Mariners Weather Log, April 1999
* [http://www.ucar.edu/archives/publications/simpson-robert%20interview.pdf An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser]