Platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like molecules. Due to these roles, it is predicted to play a role in wound repair and inflammation. [cite journal |author=Eisman R, Surrey S, Ramachandran B, Schwartz E, Poncz M |title=Structural and functional comparison of the genes for human platelet factor 4 and PF4alt |journal=Blood |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=336–44 |year=1990 |pmid=1695112] It is usually found in a complex with proteoglycan.PF4 is chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts and monocytes, and interacts with a splice variant of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, known as CXCR3B. [cite journal |author=Lasagni L, Francalanci M, Annunziato F, Lazzeri E, Giannini S, Cosmi L, Sagrinati C, Mazzinghi B, Orlando C, Maggi E, Marra F, Romagnani S, Serio M, Romagnani P |title=An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4 |journal=J Exp Med |volume=197 |issue=11 |pages=1537–49 |year=2003 |pmid=12782716 |doi=10.1084/jem.20021897] The gene for human PF4 is located on human chromosome 4. [cite journal |author=O'Donovan N, Galvin M, Morgan J |title=Physical mapping of the CXC chemokine locus on human chromosome 4 |journal=Cytogenet Cell Genet |volume=84 |issue=1-2 |pages=39–42 |year=1999 |pmid=10343098 |doi=10.1159/000015209]

PBB_Summary
section_title =
summary_text = Platelet factor-4 is a 70-amino acid protein that is released from the alpha-granules of activated platelets and binds with high affinity to heparin. Its major physiologic role appears to be neutralization of heparin-like molecules on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, thereby inhibiting local antithrombin III activity and promoting coagulation. As a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and fibroblasts, PF4 probably has a role in inflammation and wound repair (Eisman et al., 1990). [supplied by OMIM] [cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PF4 platelet factor 4 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5196| accessdate = ]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Bikfalvi A, Gimenez-Gallego G |title=The control of angiogenesis and tumor invasion by platelet factor-4 and platelet factor-4-derived molecules. |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost. |volume=30 |issue= 1 |pages= 137–44 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15034805 |doi= 10.1055/s-2004-822978
*cite journal | author=Maurer AM, Zhou B, Han ZC |title=Roles of platelet factor 4 in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=24 |issue= 4 |pages= 242–52 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17381065 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Deuel TF, Keim PS, Farmer M, Heinrikson RL |title=Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=74 |issue= 6 |pages= 2256–8 |year= 1977 |pmid= 267922 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Walz DA, Wu VY, de Lamo R, "et al." |title=Primary structure of human platelet factor 4. |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=11 |issue= 6 |pages= 893–8 |year= 1978 |pmid= 601757 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nath N, Lowery CT, Niewiarowski S |title=Antigenic and antiheparin properties of human platelet factor 4 (PF4). |journal=Blood |volume=45 |issue= 4 |pages= 537–50 |year= 1975 |pmid= 803847 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hermodson M, Schmer G, Kurachi K |title=Isolation, crystallization, and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=252 |issue= 18 |pages= 6276–9 |year= 1977 |pmid= 893407 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Maione TE, Gray GS, Petro J, "et al." |title=Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides. |journal=Science |volume=247 |issue= 4938 |pages= 77–9 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1688470 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Eisman R, Surrey S, Ramachandran B, "et al." |title=Structural and functional comparison of the genes for human platelet factor 4 and PF4alt. |journal=Blood |volume=76 |issue= 2 |pages= 336–44 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1695112 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Han ZC, Bellucci S, Tenza D, Caen JP |title=Negative regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis by human platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin: comparative analysis in bone marrow cultures from normal individuals and patients with essential thrombocythaemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=74 |issue= 4 |pages= 395–401 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2140694 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Poncz M, Surrey S, LaRocco P, "et al." |title=Cloning and characterization of platelet factor 4 cDNA derived from a human erythroleukemic cell line. |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue= 1 |pages= 219–23 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3098319 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Griffin CA, Emanuel BS, LaRocco P, "et al." |title=Human platelet factor 4 gene is mapped to 4q12----q21. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=45 |issue= 2 |pages= 67–9 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3622011 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Senior RM, Griffin GL, Huang JS, "et al." |title=Chemotactic activity of platelet alpha granule proteins for fibroblasts. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=96 |issue= 2 |pages= 382–5 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6187750 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Morgan FJ, Begg GS, Chesterman CN |title=Complete covalent structure of human platelet factor 4. |journal=Thromb. Haemost. |volume=42 |issue= 5 |pages= 1652–60 |year= 1980 |pmid= 6445090 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Deuel TF, Senior RM, Chang D, "et al." |title=Platelet factor 4 is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=78 |issue= 7 |pages= 4584–7 |year= 1981 |pmid= 6945600 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Brown KJ, Parish CR |title=Histidine-rich glycoprotein and platelet factor 4 mask heparan sulfate proteoglycans recognized by acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 46 |pages= 13918–27 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7524669 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mayo KH, Roongta V, Ilyina E, "et al." |title=NMR solution structure of the 32-kDa platelet factor 4 ELR-motif N-terminal chimera: a symmetric tetramer. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=34 |issue= 36 |pages= 11399–409 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7547867 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Barker S, Mayo KH |title=Quarternary structure amplification of protein folding differences observed in 'native' platelet factor-4. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=357 |issue= 3 |pages= 301–4 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7835432 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Zhang X, Chen L, Bancroft DP, "et al." |title=Crystal structure of recombinant human platelet factor 4. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 27 |pages= 8361–6 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8031770 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Horne MK |title=The effect of secreted heparin-binding proteins on heparin binding to platelets. |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=70 |issue= 1 |pages= 91–8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8511754 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kolset SO, Mann DM, Uhlin-Hansen L, "et al." |title=Serglycin-binding proteins in activated macrophages and platelets. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=59 |issue= 4 |pages= 545–54 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8613703 |doi=

ee also

* Platelet-activating factor
* Platelet-derived growth factor

External links

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