Saneyuki Akiyama

Infobox Military Person
name= Saneyuki Akiyama
lived=12 April 1868–4 February 1918 [Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy]
placeofbirth=Matsuyama, Tosa domain Japan
placeofdeath=Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan


caption= Japanese Admiral Akiyama Saneyuki
nickname=
allegiance=Empire of Japan
branch=navy|Empire of Japan
serviceyears=1886-1917
rank=Vice Admiral
commands= IJN 2nd Fleet
"Akitsushima"
"Otowa"
"Hashidate"
"Izumo"
"Ibuki".
unit=
battles=First Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
awards=
family=
laterwork=nihongo|Saneyuki Akiyama |秋山 真之| Akiyama Saneyuki|extra=12 April 1868–4 February 1918 was a Meiji-period career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. He was famous as a planner of Battle of Tsushima in the Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese general Akiyama Yoshifuru was his elder brother. [Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military Biography]

Biography

Early life and career

Akiyama was born in Matsuyama Domain, Iyo Province, as a son of a poor "samurai". As a youth, he studied literature, especially traditional waka poetry. The famous poet Masaoka Shiki was his friend from childhood. Later two young men went to Tokyo to study literature and Akiyama began to prepare for entry into the Literature Department of Tokyo Imperial University. However, Akiyama was forced to abandon his study of letters as his elder brother Yoshifuru ordered him to go to Naval School in Tsukiji, Tokyo instead, largely due to the economically severe condition of the Akiyama family.

While Akiyama was a student, the Tsukiji Naval School moved to Etajima, in Hiroshima prefecture, and was renamed the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. Akiyama was an outstanding student, graduating at in 1890 at the top of the 17th class, out of 88 cadets. He graduated just weeks after the publication of the first and last chapters of Alfred Thayer Mahan's classic study, "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783" in its Japanese translation in July 1890.

Akiyama served his midshipman tour on the "Hiei" and cruiser "Takachiho". On commissioning as an ensign in 1892, he rose through the ranks in a variety of routine shipboard assignments and duties that included deployments throughout the Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and European waters. He was assigned to the "Ryūjō". He subsequently served on the "Matsushima", "Yoshino", "Tsukushi" (during the Battle of Weihaiwei in the First Sino-Japanese War), "Izumi" and "Yaeyama". Following the hostilities he served a tour at the Imperial Navy's Torpedo school and then was assigned to naval intelligence, where he spent several months posing as a laborer and conducting missions in Manchuria and Korea.

tudies in the United States

After his promotion to lieutenant in 1896, Akiyama was sent to the United States as a naval attaché from 26 June 1897 to 27 December 1899. It was a time of heightened tension between Japan and the United States, due to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii by American marines and settlers, which nearly led to a rupture of diplomatic relations.

On Akiyama's arrival in New York, he attempted to contact Alfred Thayer Mahan for advice and recommendations on how to study at either the US Naval Academy or Naval War College. Mahan was unwilling to help, aside from giving Akiyama a list of books to read. Akiyama then contacted the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, but his pleas to be allowed to attend the Naval War College were refused.

Akiyama’s tour of duty coincided with the start of the Spanish-American War, and he joined the American fleet as a foreign military observer. He was able to watch American forces capture Santiago de Cuba in June 1898, and the blockade of Havana harbor in July. Akiyama submitted a lengthy report back to Japan on his observations, and noting problems in the blockade and landing operations. On conclusion of his tour, he served a short tour as the Naval Attache with the Japanese Embassy in Washington DC.

In February 1899, due to the efforts of the Japanese ambassador, Akiyama received permission to serve a six-month tour on board a US Navy warship, the U.S.S. New York, where he was able to observe American tactics and fleet operations in the North Atlantic and Caribbean firsthand. As a result of his service onboard, Akiyama participated in several lectures at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. On completion of his studies in the United States, Akiyama traveled to England from 27 December 1899 to 20 May 1900.

Instructor at the Navy War College

On his return to Japan, Akiyama was promoted to lieutenant commander and assigned to various staff posts, and was the senior strategy instructor at the Naval War College (Japan) from July 1902-November 1903. Akiyama initiated a curriculum reform using hypothetical situations to simulate the formulation of orders and development of realistic contingency plans. He also introduced the concepts of war gaming and tabletop map exercises, and developed theories for a new strategic and tactical doctrines for the Japanese Navy based upon his observations during the Spanish-American War. Akiyama focused on Russia as the primary threat to Japan in his lectures.

Akiyama was 34 years old, and was lecturing to officers who were of the same age, or in some cases his senior. Nonetheless, he achieved the respect of his peers due to his professional knowledge, expertise and personality. [Rivera, Smells Like Butter]

Russo-Japanese War

With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Akiyama was promoted to commander, but remained on the planning staff, and was a close and trusted confidant of Japanese Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Togo Heihachiro. Togo insisted that Akiyama accompany him into battle on his battleship "Mikasa" as an advisor, and despite his junior rank Akiyama played a central role in planning for the Battle of Port Arthur, Battle of the Yellow Sea, and planning for arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet and the subsequent Battle of Tsushima. During the preliminary negotiations for the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Japanese government had designated Akiyama as the senior naval representative, but his mother's death led to his replacement. [Warner, The Tide at Sunrise]

Postwar activities

After the end of the war, in 1908, Akiyama received an assignment as executive officer on "Mikasa", and subsequently his first command, as captain of "Akitsushima". He was subsequently captain of the "Otowa", "Hashidate", "Izumo", and battlecruiser "Ibuki". [Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy ]

Akiyama was promoted to rear admiral on 1 December 1913. Soon afterwards, the Siemens-Vickers Naval Armaments Scandal of 1914 shook up the government, forcing the resignations of Yamamoto Gonnohyoe and Okuma Shigenobu. Akiyama remained one of the few senior officers completely untouched by suspicion or corruption, and was nominated by Yashiro Rokuro as Director-General of the Navy in an effort to restore public confidence. Akiyama served on the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff until his retirement on 1 December 1917. His major accomplishment during this period was to have the cruiser "Otowa" stationed permanently at Shanghai, from which it helped support a large network of intelligence agents posing as exchange students in all corners of China. At the same time, Akiyama maintained a regular and secret correspondence with Sun Yat-sen, assisting him also materially in his efforts to prevent Yuan Shikai from establishing a new empire. [Rivera, Smells Like Butter]

With the outbreak of World War I, Akiyama traveled to Europe via the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Finland, and from there to England, where he met with his old acquaintance, former British naval observer Commander Pakenham. He returned to Japan via the United States to assume command of the IJN 2nd Fleet in October 1917, but by this time he was already very ill, and was forced to resign in late 1917.

On retirement, Akiyama was promoted to vice admiral. In his final years, he became obsessed with religion, especially with the Oomoto movement and Nichiren sect Buddhism and the Heart Sutra. Akiyama died of peritonitis in 1918 at the young age of 49, His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. [Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military Biography]

References

Books

*cite book
last = Dupuy
first = Trevor N.
year = 1992
title = Encyclopedia of Military Biography
publisher = I B Tauris & Co Ltd
location =
id = ISBN 1-85043-569-3
*cite book
last = Rose
first = Lisle A.
authorlink =
coauthors =
year = 2006
title = Power at Sea: The Age of Navalism 1890-1918
publisher = University of Missouri Press
location =
id = 082621701X
*cite book
last = Schencking
first = J. Charles
year = 2005
title = Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922
publisher = Stanford University Press
location =
id = ISBN 0-8047-4977-9
*cite book
last = Warner
first = Denis
coauthors = Warner, Peggy
year = 1974
title = The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War', 1904-1905
publisher = Charterhouse
location = AISN B000OLLNGA
id =
*cite book
last = Peattie
first = Mark R.
coauthors =
year = 1977
title = Akiyama Saneyuki and the Emergence of Modern Japanese Naval Doctrine
publisher = U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 103
location =
id =

External links

*cite web
last = Rivera
first = Carlos
url = http://www.russojapanesewar.com/butter.html
title = Smells Like Butter? The Kaigun's Akiyama Saneyuki
work = Russo-Japanese War
accessdate = 2007-08-03
*cite web
last = Nishida
first = Hiroshi
url = http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/px17.htm#v001
title = Materials of IJN: Akiyama, Saneyuki
work = Imperial Japanese Navy
accessdate = 2007-08-03

Notes