- Voiceless retroflex fricative
The voiceless retroflex fricative is a type of
consonant al sound, used in some spokenlanguage s. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA|ʂ, and the equivalentX-SAMPA symbol is s`. Like all theretroflex consonant s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward pointing hook extending from the bottom of the symbol used for the equivalentalveolar consonant , in this case thevoiceless alveolar fricative which has the symbol s. The IPA symbol is thus a lowercase letter "s" with a rightward tail protruding from the lower left of the letter. Compare s and IPA|ʂ. Although a distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations, no language makes such a contrast.Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:
* Its
manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence .
* Itsplace of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical (curled) articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
* Itsphonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is anoral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is acentral consonant , which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* Theairstream mechanism ispulmonic egressive , which means it is articulated by pushing air out of thelung s and through the vocal tract, rather than from theglottis or the mouth.Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical IPA| [ʂ̺] and laminal IPA| [ʂ̻] .
ee also
*
List of phonetics topics References
Bibliography
*Harvard reference
last=Hamann
first=Silke
year=2004
title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=34
issue=1
pages=53-67
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