Tajik grammar

In general, the grammar of the Tajik language fits the analytical type. Little remains of the case system, and grammatical relationships are primarily expressed via clitics, word order and other analytical constructions. Tajik grammar is almost identical to Persian grammar, although there are notable differences. This article describes the grammar of the standard Tajik language as spoken and written in Tajikistan.

Nouns

Nouns are not marked for grammatical gender, although they are marked for number. Natural gender is usually distinguished by a change of word, like English, e.g. мурғ ("murgh") 'fowl' and хурӯс ("khurūs") 'rooster'. Alternatively the modifiers 'нар' ("nar") for male or 'мода' ("moda") for female can be pre or post-posed to the noun, e.g. хар-и нар ("khar-i nar") 'male donkey' and хар-и мода ("khar-i moda") 'female donkey'.

Two forms of number exist in Tajik, singular and plural. The plural is marked by either the suffix -ҳо ("-ho") or -он ("-on"), although Arabic loan words may use Arabic forms. The suffix -он is primarily used with animate nouns, whereas -ҳо can be used with any. For example, the singular for 'horse' is асп ("asp"), and the plural, 'horses' can be either аспҳо ("aspho") or аспон ("aspon"). Typically, the -он ("-on") ending is reserved for animate objects, although this is not always true. For example, body parts that come in pairs, such as даст ("dast"), meaning "hand" and чашм ("chashm"), meaning "eye" are pluralized as дастон ("daston") and чашмон ("chashmon"), respectively.

The article does not exist, although the definite direct object is marked by a suffix, -ро ("-ro"). The use of this suffix is mandatory when a previously referenced object is being talked about.

::"beautiful girl"

:

For example: китоб ("kitob", "book"), китобам ("kitobam", "my book"), китобат ("kitobat", "your book"). When following a vowel, for example китобҳо ("kitobho", books), the leading '-а' is changed to '-я'. The phrase "their books", would be китобҳояшон ("kitobhoyashon").

Prepositions

Verbs

References

* Perry, J. R. (2005) "A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar" (Boston : Brill) ISBN 90-04-14323-8
* Rastorgueva, V. (1963) "A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar" (Netherlands : Mouton) ISBN 0-933070-28-4

ee also

*Persian grammar
*Tajik language
*Tajik alphabet