Dok-7

Dok-7 is a non-catalytic cytoplasmic adaptor protein that is expressed specifically in muscle and is essential for the formation of neuromuscular synapses. Further, Dok-7 contains pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains that are critical for Dok-7 function. Finally, mutations in Dok-7 are commonly found in patients with limb-girdle congenital myasthenia.

Dok-7 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by activating MuSK

The formation of neuromuscular synapses requires the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK). In mice genetically mutant for MuSK, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) fail to cluster and motor neurons fail to differentiate. Because Dok-7 mutant mice are indistinguishable from MuSK mutant mice, these observations suggest Dok-7 might regulate MuSK activation. Indeed, Dok-7 binds phosphorylated MuSK and activates MuSK in purified protein preparations and in muscle in-vivo by transgenic overexpression. Furthermore, the nerve-derived organizing factor Agrin fails to stimulate MuSK activation in muscle cells genetically null for Dok-7. Thus, Dok-7 is both necessary and sufficient for the activation of MuSK.

Dok-7 signaling

The requirement for MuSK in the formation of the NMJ was primarily demonstrated by mouse "knockout" studies. In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form.

Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via the proteins called Dok-7 and rapsyn, to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors (AChR). Cell signaling downstream of MuSK requires Dok-7. Mice which lack this protein fail to develop endplates. Further, forced expression of Dok-7 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation, and thus the activation of MuSK. Dok-7 interacts with MuSK by way of protein "domain" called a "PTB domain."

In addition to the AChR, MuSK, and Dok-7 other proteins are then gathered, to form the endplate to the neuromuscular junction. The nerve terminates onto the endplate, forming the neuromuscular junction - a structure which is required to transmit nerve impulses to the muscle, and thus initiating muscle contraction.

Congenital Myasthenia Syndrome

Homozygous mutation of Dok-7 is responsible for a form of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) that is unique among disorders in this category because it affects muscles in the limbs and trunk but mostly spares the face, eyes, and functions of the mouth and pharnyx (chewing, swallowing and speech). Salbutamol can be effective in relieving CMS symptoms attributable to Dok-7 mutations.

References

• Valenzuela DM, Stitt TN, DiStefano PS, et al. (Sep 1995). "Receptor tyrosine kinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage: expression in embryonic muscle, at the neuromuscular junction, and after injury". Neuron 15 (3): 573–84. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90146-9. PMID 7546737. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0896-6273(95)90146-9. 

• DeChiara TM, Bowen DC, Valenzuela DM, et al. (May 1996). "The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo". Cell 85 (4): 501–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81251-9. PMID 8653786. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)81251-9. 

• Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN, et al. (May 1996). "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell 85 (4): 513–23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. 

• Hoch W, McConville J, Helms S, Newsom-Davis J, Melms A, Vincent A (Mar 2001). "Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies". Nat Med. 7 (3): 365–8. doi:10.1038/85520. PMID 11231638. 

• Strochlic L, Cartaud A, Cartaud J (Nov 2005). "The synaptic muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) complex: new partners, new functions". Bioessays 27 (11): 1129–35. doi:10.1002/bies.20305. PMID 16237673. 

• Okada K, Inoue A, Okada M, et al. (Jun 2006). "The muscle protein Dok-7 is essential for neuromuscular synaptogenesis". Science 312 (5781): 1802–5. doi:10.1126/science.1127142. PMID 16794080. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5781/1802. 

• Palace J, Lashley D, Newsom-Davis J, et al. (Jun 2007). "Clinical features of the DOK7 neuromuscular junction synaptopathy". Brain 130 (Pt 6): 1507–15. doi:10.1093/brain/awm072. PMID 17452375. [[Category:Proteins]