Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, Russian language: Еврейский антифашистский комитет, ЕАК) was formed in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West.

Activities

Solomon Mikhoels, the popular actor and director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater, was appointed the JAC chairman. The JAC's newspaper in Yiddish language was called "Einigkeit" (אייניקייט "Unity", Cyrillic: "Эйникейт").

The JAC broadcast pro-Soviet propaganda to foreign audiences, assuring them of the absence of anti-Semitism in the USSR. In 1943, Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer, the first official representatives of the Soviet Jewry allowed to visit the West, embarked on a seven-month tour to the USA, Mexico, Canada and Britain to drum up their support. In the US, they were welcomed by a National Reception Committee chaired by Albert Einstein and by B.Z. Goldberg, Sholom Aleichem's son-in-law, and American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The largest pro-Soviet rally ever in the United States was held on July 8 at the Polo Grounds, where 50,000 people listened to Mikhoels, Fefer, Fiorello La Guardia, Sholem Asch, and Chairman of World Jewish Congress Rabbi Stephen Wise. Among others, they met Chaim Weizmann, Charlie Chaplin, Marc Chagall, Paul Robeson and Lion Feuchtwanger.

In addition to the funds for the Russian war effort — 16 million dollars raised in the US, 15 million in England, 1 million in Mexico, 750 thousand in the British Mandate of Palestine — other help was also contributed: machinery, medical equipment, medicine, ambulances, clothes. On July 16, 1943, "Pravda" reported: "Mikhoels and Feffer received a message from Chicago that a special conference of the Joint initiated a campaign to finance a thousand ambulances for the needs of the Red Army." The visit also evoked the American public to the necessity of entering the European war.

Persecution

Towards the end and immediately after the war, the JAC became involved in documenting the Holocaust. This ran contrary to the official Soviet policy to present it as atrocities against all Soviet citizens, not acknowledging the specific genocide of the Jews.

Some of the committee members were vocal supporters of the State of Israel, established in 1948, something that Stalin supported very briefly. Their international contacts especially to the USA at the outset of the Cold War, would eventually make them vulnerable to charges that they had become politically incorrect.

The contacts with American Jewish organizations resulted in the plan to publish the Black Book simultaneously in the US and the Soviet Union, documenting the Holocaust and participation of Jews in the resistance movement. The Black Book was indeed published in New York in 1946, but no Russian edition appeared. The typeface galleys were broken up in 1948, when the political situation of Soviet Jewry deteriorated.

In January 1948, Mikhoels was killed in Minsk by the Soviet secret police agents who staged the murder as a car accident. Robert Conquest "Reflections on a Ravaged Century" (2000) ISBN 0-393-04818-7 ] In November 1948, Soviet authorities launched anti-Jewish Doctors' plot campaign. The members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were arrested. They were charged with disloyalty, bourgeois nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and planning to set up a Jewish republic in Crimea to serve US interests.

In January 1949, the Soviet mass media launched massive propaganda campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", unmistakably aimed at Jews. Markish observed at the time: "Hitler wanted to destroy us physically, Stalin wants to do it spiritually." On August 12, 1952, at least thirteen prominent Yiddish writers were executed in the event known as the "Night of the Murdered Poets" ("Ночь казненных поэтов").

List of notable JAC members

The size of JAC fluctuated with time. According to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ("200 Years Together"), it grew to have about 70 members.

*Solomon Mikhoels (Chairman), the actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater
*Solomon Lozovsky (Secretary), a former Soviet vice-minister of Foreign Affairs and the head of the Soviet Information Bureau
*Shakne Epshtein (Secretary and editor of the "Eynikeyt" newspaper)
*Itzik Feffer, a poet
*Ilya Ehrenburg, a writer and international peace activist
*Solomon Bregman, a deputy minister of State Control
*Aaron Katz, a General of the Stalin Military Academy
*Boris Shimeliovich, the Chief Surgeon of the Red Army and director of Botkin Hospital
*Joseph Yuzefovich, a historian
*Leib Kvitko, a poet
*Peretz Markish, a poet
*David Bergelson, a writer
*David Hofstein, a poet
*Benjamin Zuskin, an actor
*Ilya Vatenberg, an editor
*Shlomo Shleifer, Chief Rabbi of Moscow
*Emilia Teumim, an editor
*Leon Talmy, a journalist, translator
*Khayke Vatenberg-Ostrowskaya, a translator
*Lina Stern, a scientist

ee also

*History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
*Yevsektsiya
*Doctors' plot
*History of anti-Semitism
*Vasily Grossman
*Polina Zhemchuzhina
*Jewish Bolshevism
*Jewish left

References

Further reading

* ISBN 0-300-08486-2 "Stalin's Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee" (by Joshua Rubenstein)
* [http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/black_book/Black_Book.html The Black Book (Chornaya Kniga), compiled and edited by: Vasily Grossman and Ilya Erenburg]

External links

* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/jewi.html Memorandum concerning the Jewish Antifascist Committee] sent to Mikhail Suslov in June 1946 (Library of Congress archives)
* [http://www.idf.ru/9/doc.shtml JAC case (in Russian language) at International Democracy Fund Archives]
* [http://www.yale.edu/annals/Reviews/review_texts/Morse_on_Pogrom_08.01.htm Stalin's secret pogrom: Commies who became politically incorrect (By Chuck Morse)]
* [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/61.html Beyond the Pale: The history of Jews in Russia]
* [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/61-3.html Group photo of the members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee]
* [http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203213.pdf Stalin’s Bureaucracy in Action: The Creation and Destruction of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee] Shimon Redlich, "War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR", Luxembourg: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995. Reviewed by Theodore H. Friedgut
* [http://www.kackad.com/article.asp?article=6 JAC and its end]
* [http://www.ort.spb.ru/nesh/jewworld/eak.htm JAC, Soviet repressions and its demise]