Robert Erskine Childers

Robert Erskine Childers DSC (25 June 1870–24 November 1922) was an author and Irish nationalist who was executed by the authorities of the nascent Irish Free State during the Irish Civil War. He was the son of British Orientalist scholar Robert Caesar Childers; the cousin of Hugh Childers and Robert Barton; and the father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine Hamilton Childers.

Early life

Childers was born in London to a Protestant family originally from Glendalough, Ireland. His father was English and his mother Irish, but he was orphaned as a child and raised by an uncle in County Wicklow.

He was sent to Haileybury College and then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and after graduation took a job in 1895 as a clerk in the House of Commons. He was an enthusiastic yachtsman, owning several boats during his life and sailing them regularly. At this point in his career he was a supporter of the British Empire.

Marriage

In 1903, Childers visited the United States. There he met and married Mary Alden ("Molly") Osgood, who shared his love of sailing. The two received a 50 foot sailing yacht, the "Asgard", as a wedding gift. [ [http://www.dalkeyhomepage.ie/asgardnew.html The Asgard ] ]

Military career

On the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 he volunteered for action, serving in the ranks of the City Imperial Volunteers, while he was part of the Honourable Artillery Company in the British Army.

He was wounded in South Africa and invalided back to Britain. On his return he wrote the novel "The Riddle of the Sands", which was published in 1903. Based on his own sailing trips along the German coast, it predicted war with Germany and called for British preparedness. Widely popular, the book has never gone out of print and in 2003, a handful of centenary editions were published. [ [http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1061083,00.html The 100 greatest novels of all time: The list | Books | The Observer ] ] The Observer has listed the book as #37 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Novels of All Time". [Drummond, Maldwin, "Introduction", The Riddle of the Sands" by Childers, Erskine (Author), London: The Folio Society; 1st edition (1992)] It has been called the first spy novel [ [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375720253 Spy Book, 2nd Edition by Polmar/Allen - Trade Paperback - Random House ] at www.randomhouse.com] (a claim challenged by advocates of Rudyard Kipling's "Kim", published two years earlier), and enjoyed immense popularity in the years before World War I. It was an extremely influential book: Winston Churchill later credited it as a major reason that the Admiralty decided to establish naval bases at Invergordon, Rosyth on the Firth of Forth and Scapa Flow in Orkney. [cite book
last = Knightley
first = Phillip
authorlink = Phillip Knightley
coauthors =
title = The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century
publisher = Pimlico
date =
location = London
pages = p17
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 1844130916] It was also a notable influence on John Buchan. [cite book
last = Clark
first = Ignatius
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Voices prophesying war, 1763-1984
publisher = Oxford University Press
year = 1992
location = Oxford, England
pages = pp142-3
url =
doi =
id =
isbn =0192123025 ] Childers wrote Volume V of the Times' "History of the War in South Africa" (1907), which drew attention to British errors in that war and praised the tactics of the Boer guerrillas. He also wrote two books on cavalry warfare based on his experiences, "War and the Arme Blanche" (1910) and the "German Influence on British Cavalry" (1911). Both books were strongly critical of the British Army. Childers became a member of the Legion of Frontiersmen; an auxiliary branch of British Intelligence, and was an officer commanding the Dublin Troop. The unit later joined the Irish National Volunteers under Childers influence.

Home Rule

Around this time Childers became increasingly attracted to Irish Nationalism and became an advocate of Home Rule. He resigned his post at the House of Commons in 1910 in order to campaign for this cause, writing "The Framework of Home Rule" in 1911 [Available free online at Project Gutenberg] and "The Form and Purpose of Home Rule" in 1912.

The main opponents of Home Rule formed the Ulster Volunteers in 1912 and shipped rifles into Larne in April 1914. In the rest of Ireland the Irish Volunteers had been formed in response, and in July 1914 Childers and his wife smuggled German arms to Howth, County Dublin, in their yacht "Asgard", days before the outbreak of World War I. These weapons would later arm some of the Irish Volunteers during the Easter Rising of 1916. The remainder of the consignment of guns purchased in Germany for the Irish Volunteers was landed a week later at Kilcoole, county Wicklow by Sir Thomas Myles from his own yacht, the "Chotah".

With the start of war, Childers joined the Royal Navy as an Intelligence Officer and flew seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance off the HMS Engadine in the North Sea, and then later on the HMS Ben-my-Chree in the .

In 1919 he was made Director of Publicity for the First Irish Parliament and attempted to represent the Irish Republic at the Versailles conference in Paris. In 1920 Childers published "Military Rule in Ireland", a strong attack on British policy. In 1921 he was elected (unopposed) to the Second Dáil as Sinn Féin member for Wicklow and published the pamphlet "Is Ireland a Danger to England?", which attacked the British prime minister, David Lloyd George. He became editor of the Irish Bulletin after the arrest of Desmond FitzGerald.

Civil War and death

Childers was secretary-general of the Irish delegation that negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty with the British government. He stayed at the delegation headquarters in Hans Place throughout the period of the negotiations, 11 October–6 December 1921. Childers became vehemently opposed to the final draft of the agreement, particularly the clauses that required Irish leaders to take an Oath of Allegiance to the British king. The Treaty was approved by a Dail vote of 64-57 in January 1922 but it bitterly divided Sinn Féin and the IRA, and Ireland descended into civil war in June 1922.

Said to be the inspiration behind the irregulars' propaganda, Childers was hunted by National Army soldiers and had to travel secretly. The ambush death of Michael Collins intensified the desire of Free State authorities to exact retribution, and in September 1922 the Irish Dáil introduced the Emergency Powers legislation, establishing martial law powers and new capital offences for the carrying of firearms without licence. [ [http://www.generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann%20na%20nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html Cumann na nGaedhael ] ] The author Frank O'Connor was involved with Childers during the later part of the Civil war and give a colourful picture of Childers activities. Seemingly he was ostracised from the predominantly Catholic anti-treaty forces and referred to as "That bloody Englishman" due to his foreign birth. [Frank O'Connor's 1960 autobiography 'an only son'] As the hunt for Childers became more urgent after the death of Collins the high command of the anti-treaty forces distanced Childers on the grounds that he was too infamous to be of any practical use, despite his considerable military experience and at one stage he was put to work addressing letters in the staff office in Macroom, Co.Cork.

In November Childers was arrested by Free State forces at his home, Glendalough, in County Wicklow, while travelling to meet De Valera. He was tried by a military court on the charge of possessing a small-calibre automatic pistol on his person in violation of the Emergency Powers Resolution. [Coogan, Tim Pat, "The IRA: A History", Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1993; Wilkinson, Burke, "The Zeal of the Convert: The Life of Erskine Childers", Sag Harbor, New York: Second Chance Press, 1985] Ironically, the pistol was alleged to be a gift from Michael Collins before the latter swore allegiance to the Free State. [Wilkinson, Burke, "The Zeal of the Convert: The Life of Erskine Childers", Sag Harbor, New York: Second Chance Press, 1985] Childers was convicted by the military court and sentenced to death. While his appeal of the sentence was still pending, Childers was executed by firing squad at the Beggar's Bush Barracks in Dublin. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.

Before his execution, in a spirit of reconciliation, Childers obtained a promise from his then 16-year-old son, the future President Erskine Hamilton Childers, to seek out and shake the hand of every man who had signed his father's death warrant. [cite news
author= Peter Stanford
title=On Soundings
date=1976-11-08
work=Time Magazine
url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918512-2,00.html
accessdate=2008-08-08] Childers himself shook hands with each member of the firing squad that was about to execute him. His last words, spoken to them, were (characteristically) in the nature of a joke: "Take a step or two forward, lads. It will be easier that way." [Boyle, Andrew. "The Riddle of Erskine Childers". London, Hutchinson, 1977, P. 25]

Winston Churchill, who had actively pressured Michael Collins and the Free State government to crush the rebellion by armed force, expressed the British view of Childers at the time: "No man has done more harm or done more genuine malice or endeavoured to bring a greater curse upon the common people of Ireland than this strange being, actuated by a deadly and malignant hatred for the land of his birth." [Boyle, Andrew. "The Riddle of Erskine Childers". London, Hutchinson, 1977, P. 22. From a speech given by Winston Churchill, 11 November 1922 (Dundee)] In Ireland, however, many saw Childers's execution as politically-motivated revenge, an expedient method of halting the continuing flow of anti-British political texts for which Childers was widely credited.

It was the express wish of Mary Childers, upon her death in 1964, that any writings based upon the extensive and meticulous collection of papers and documents from her husband's in depth involvement with the Irish struggles of the 1920s, be locked away from anyone's eyes until 50 years after his death.Boyle, Andrew. "The Riddle of Erskine Childers". London, Hutchinson, 1977, pp. 8-10] Thus, in 1972 Erskine Hamilton Childers started the process of finding an official biographer. In 1974, Andrew Boyle (previous biographer of Brendan Bracken, Lord Reith amongst others) was given the task of exploring the vast Childers archive, and his "official" biography of Robert Erskine Childers was finally published in 1977. [Boyle, Andrew. "The Riddle of Erskine Childers". London, Hutchinson, 1977] [ [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0016%2FCHILDERS Janus: Papers of Robert Erskine Childers (1870-1922), author and politician ] at janus.lib.cam.ac.uk]

References

*Childers, Erskine. "In the Ranks of the C.I.V.", London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1901.
*Coogan, Tim Pat. "The IRA: A History", Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1993.
*Costello, Peter, "The Heart Grown Brutal: The Irish Revolution in Literature from Parnell to the Death of Yeats, 1891-1939", Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1977.
*Wilkinson, Burke, "The Zeal of the Convert: The Life of Erskine Childers", Sag Harbor, New York: Second Chance Press, 1985

Notes

External links

*Piper, Leonard. "Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers" (aka "The Tragedy of Erskine Childers" (Hambledon) (2003). ISBN 1852853921.
*Ring, Jim "Erskine Childers: A Biography" (John Murray Publishing) (1996) ISBN 0719556813
*Cox, Tom "Damned Englishman : A Study Of Erskine Childers (1870-1922) (Exposition Press) (1975) ISBN 0682478210
*Popham, Hugh "A Thirst For The Sea : Sailing Adventures Of Erskine Childers (Stanford Maritime)) (1979) ISBN 0540071978
*Green, Martin "The Mount Street Warren's (Charles Scribners) (1989) ISBN 0684191091
*Longford, The Earl Of "Eamon De Valera" (Gill And MacMillan) (1970) ISBN 717104850 pp.119-152
*Pakenham, Frank "Peace By Ordeal" (The Mercier Press) (1951) pp.197-308
*McInerney, Michael "The Riddle Of Erskine Childers : Unionist & Republican" (E & T O'Brien) (1971) ISBN 0950204609
*
* [http://www.riapress.com/riapress/author.lasso?goto=26 Free ebooks of "Riddle of the Sands" and "In the Ranks of the CIV", optimized for printing, plus selected Childers bibliography]
* [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.S.192206080013.html Childer's rebuttal to the Dail in 1922 that he had served in the British Secret Service.]
*Newsreel Movie Footage of Robert Erskine Childers in London, circa 1921 , Courtesy of British Pathe. [http://www.britishpathe.com/product_display.php?Search.x=0&Search.y=0&searchword=erskine+childers]