Timeline of the telephone

Below is a Timeline of the telephone that covers important dates in the history of the telephone.

1844 to 1875

*1844 Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph” (telephone).
*1849 Antonio Meucci demonstrates a communicating device to individuals in Havana. It is disputed if this is an electric telephone, but is said to involve direct transmission into the body.
*1854 Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-break telephone transmitter and receiver in "L'Illustration", (Paris) but does not construct a working instrument
*1854 Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electric voice operated device in New York, but it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
*1860 Johann Philipp Reis demonstrates a make-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul and a knitting needle receiver. Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
*1861 The German Philipp Reis manages to transfer voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet, see Reis' telephone.
*1864 In an attempt to give his musical automaton a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'Speaking telegraph'. He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
*1865 Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important." If he reads Meucci's offer of collaboration, Manzetti does not respond.
*1871 Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to patent).
*1872 Elisha Gray founds Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
*1872 Prof Vanderwyde demonstrated Reis's telephone in New York.
*July 1873 Thomas Edison notes variable resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, builds a rheostat based on the principle but abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
*May 1874 Gray invents electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm.
*December 29, 1874 Gray demonstrates his musical tones device and transmitted "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois.
*2 June 1875 Alexander Graham Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
*1 July 1875 Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "indistinct but voicelike sounds" but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
*1875 Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it.

1876 to 1878

*11 February 1876 Elisha Gray invents liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.
*14 February 1876 (about 9:30am) Gray or his lawyer brings to the Patent Office Gray's caveat for the telephone. (A caveat was like a patent application without claims to notify the patent office of an invention in process.)
*14 February 1876 (about 11:30am) Bell's lawyer brings to the Patent Office Bell's patent application for the telephone. Bell's lawyer requested that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
**Two hours later Elisha Gray's caveat was registered in the cash blotter. Although his caveat was not a full application, Gray could have converted it into a patent application, but did not do so because of advice from his lawyer and involvement with acoustic telegraphy. The result was that the patent was awarded to Bell. [Hounshell, David A. 1975. Elisha Gray and the Telephone: On the Disadvantages of Being an Expert. "Technology and Culture" 16 (2):133-161.]
*7 March 1876 Bell's US patent 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
*10 March 1876 Bell transmits speech "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." using a liquid transmitter described in Gray's caveat and an electromagnetic receiver described in Gray's July 1875 US patent 166,095.
*16 May 1876 Thomas Edison files first patent application for acoustic telegraphy for which US patent 182,996 was granted October 10, 1876.
*10 August 1876 Alexander Bell makes world's first long distance telephone call between Brantford and Paris, Ontario Canada.
*9 October 1876 Bell makes world's first two-way long distance telephone call between Cambrdige and Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
*October 1876 Thomas Edison tests his first carbon microphone.
*1877: First long-distance telephone line in French Corral, California
*January 1878 First North American telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut.
*20 January 1877 Edison "first succeeded in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure sensitive variable resistance under the pressure of a diaphragm (Josephson, p143).
*30 January 1877 Bell's US patent 186,787 is granted for an electro-magnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
*4 March 1877 Emile Berliner invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on the Reis telephone, and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
*27 April 1877 Thomas Edison files telephone patent application. The US patents (474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of Alexander Graham Bell, Emile Berliner, Elisha Gray, A E Dolbear, J W McDonagh, G B Richmond, W L W Voeker, J H Irwin and Francis Blake Jr. [Edison, Thomas A. 1880. "The Speaking Telephone Interferences, Evidence for Thomas A. Edison. Vol. 1" [jpg image] , [cited 21 April 2006] . Available from http://edison.rutgers.edu/singldoc.htm.] Edison's carbon granules transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver were used, with improvements, by the Bell system for many decades thereafter (Josephson, p 146).
*4 June 1877 Emile Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
*December 1 1877 Western Union enters the telephone business using Thomas Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.

*4 February 1878 Thomas Edison demonstrates telephone between Menlo Park, New York and Philadelphia, a distance of 210 km.
*14 June 1878 The Telephone Company Ltd (Bell's Patents) registered, London. Opened in London 21 August 1879 - Europe's first telephone exchange.
*September 12 1878 The Bell Telephone Co. sues Western Union for infringing Bell's patents.

1879 to 1919

*Early months of 1879 The Bell Telephone Co. is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
*1879 Bell merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company.
*1879 Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's that saves the Bell company from extinction.
*2 August 1879 The Edison Telephone Company of London Ltd, registered. Opened in London 6 September 1879.
*10 September 1879 Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial.).
*1880 National Bell merges with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company.
* 1882 A telephone company --an American Bell affiliate-- is set up in Mexico City.
*1885 American Telephone and Telegraph Company AT&T is formed.
*1886 Gilliland's Automatic circuit changer is put into service between Worcester and Leicester allowing for the first Operator dialing allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
*13 January 1887 the Government of the United States moves to annul the patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. Bell remanded for trial.
*1889 AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
*November 2 1889 A. G. Smith patents a telegraph switch which provides for trunks between groups of selectors allowing for the first time, fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
*10 March 1891 Almon Strowger patents the Strowger switch the first Automatic telephone exchange.
*30 October 1891 The Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange company is formed.
*3 May 1892 Thomas Edison awarded patents for the carbon microphone against applications lodged in 1877.
*3 November 1892 The first Strowger switch goes into operation in LaPorte, Indiana with 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
*1890s: Bell's patents for the telephone expire; independent manufacturing companies Stromberg-Carlson (1894) and Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company (1897) formed
*27 February 1901 United States Court of Appeal declares void Emile Berliner's patent of the Bell telephone system
*1915 Vacuum tubes used in coast-to-coast telephone circuits.
*25 January 1915 First transcontinental telephone call, with Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco receiving the call from Alexander Graham Bell at 15 Day Street in New York City. [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0125.html]
*1919 AT&T installs the first dial telephones in the Bell System, in Norfolk, Virginia. The last manual telephones in the system were not converted to dial until 1978 when the last of the first bell phones were no longer made.
*1919 AT&T makes more than 4,000 measurements of people's heads to gauge the best dimensions of standard headsets so that callers' lips would be near the microphone when holding handsets up to their ears. [cite book
last = Feldman
first = David
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title = When Do Fish Sleep? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life
publisher = Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
date = 1989
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pages = 15
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isbn = 0-06-016161-2 ]

1920 to 1969

*1927 First public trans-atlantic phone call (via radio)
*1927 28, May Rotary dial service was started from mid night. [http://www.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=20046]
*1935 First telephone call around the world.
*1941 Multi-frequency dialing introduced for operators in Baltimore, Maryland
*1946 National numbering plan (area codes)
*1946 First commercial mobile phone call
*1946 Bell Labs develops the germanium point contact transistor
*1947 December, W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones.
*1948 Phil Porter, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed that cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas pointing in 3 directions.
*1951 Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) first offered at Englewood, New Jersey, to 11 selected major cities across the United States; this service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s
*1955 The laying of trans-Atlantic cable TAT-1 began - 36 circuits, later increased to 48 by reducing the bandwidth from 4 kHz to 3 kHz
*1958 Modems used for direct connection via voice phone lines
*1960 ESS-1
*1961 Touch-tone released to public
*1962 T-1 service in Skokie, Illinois
*1960's Bell Labs developed the electronics for cellular phones
*1965 First geosynchronous communications satellite - 240 circuits or one TV signal

1970 to 2008

*1970 ESS-2 electronic switch.
*1970 Modular telephone cords and jacks introduced
*1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr. of Bell Labs invented the "call handoff" system for "cellular mobile communication system" (patent granted 1972)
*1971 AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular phone service to the FCC.
*3 April 1973, Motorola employee Martin Cooper placed the first hand-held cell phone call to rival Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype.
*1973 Packet switched voice connections over ARPANET with Network Voice Protocol (NVP)
*1978 Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using AMPS
*1979 VoIP - NVP running on top of early versions of IP
*1981 The world's first fully-automatic mobile phone system NMT is started in Sweden and Norway.
*1981 BT introduces the British Telephone Sockets system.
*1982 FCC approved AT&T proposal for Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824-894 MHz band.
*1982 Caller ID patented by Carolyn Doughty, Bell Labs

*1983 Last manual telephone switchboard in Maine is retired
*1987 ADSL introduced
*1988 First transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8, carrying 40,000 circuits
*1990 Analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS.
*1991 The GSM mobile phone network is started in Finland.
*1993 Telecom Relay Service available for the disabled
*1995 Caller ID implemented nationally in USA

*2002 Antonio Meucci was recognized as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States House of Representatives, in [http://hnn.us/articles/802.html House Resolution 269] , dated 11 June. The Parliament of Canada retaliated by passing a bill recognizing Canadian immigrant Alexander Graham Bell as the only inventor of the telephone.
*2005 Mink, Louisiana gets phone service (Last in the USA)

ee also

* Invention of the telephone
* History of the telephone
* Telephone
* History of mobile phones

Notes

References

* (fr) Bourseul, Charles (1854), "Transmission électrique de la parole", L'Illustration, (Paris), 26.08.1854
* Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), "Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone", London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
* Coe, Lewis (1995), "The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History", McFarland, North Carolina, 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
* Baker, Burton H. (2000), "The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone", Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
* Josephson, Matthew (1992), "Edison: A Biography", Wiley, ISBN 0-471-54806-5
* Bruce, Robert V. (1990), "Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude", Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-80149691-8
*Gutenberg | no=979 | name=Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html "American Treasures of the Library of Congress", Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pages 40-41 (image 22)]
* Farley, Tom (2007), "The Cell-Phone Revolution", "Invention & Technology", Winter 2007, vol. 22:3, pages 8-19.