Sipuncula

Taxobox

---

name = Sipuncula
fossil_range = Cambrian - Recent
regnum = Animalia
subregnum = Metazoa
superphylum = Lophotrochozoa
phylum = Sipuncula
phylum_authority = Rafinesque, 1814
subdivision_ranks = Classes, Orders and Families
subdivision =
*Class Sipunculidea
**Order Sipunculiformes
***Family Sipunculidae
**Order Golfingiiformes
***Family Golfingiidae
***Family Phascolionidae
***Family Themistidae
*Class Phascolosomatidea
**Order Phascolosomatiformes
***Family Phascolosomatidae
**Order Aspidosiphoniformes
***Family Aspidosiphonidae

The Sipuncula or Sipunculida, sipunculid worms or peanut worms, are a phylum containing 144-320 species (estimates vary) of bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented marine worms. Sipunculid worm jelly (土笋冻) is a delicacy in the town of Xiamen in Fujian province of China.

Habitat

Sipunculids are relatively common, and live in shallow waters, either in burrows or in discarded shells like hermit crabs do. Some bore into solid rocks to make a shelter for themselves. Although typically less than 10 cm long, some sipunculans may reach several times that length.

Anatomy

The most recognizable part of Sipunculan worms is their mouth, which is surrounded by a mass of 18 - 24 tentacles, all of which may be inverted into the body. There is no segmentation or septa present in Sipunculans. Their body consists of an introvert and a trunk, the introvert being retractable into the trunk. The digestive tract of Sipunculans passes from the mouth to the posterior end of the body, before twisting back around itself and ending at the anus, on the dorsal side of the body. The anus is often not visible when the introvert is retracted into the trunk. A few taxa possess a calcified plate called the anal shield. Sipunculans have a coelom. However, they do not have a vascular blood system. Instead, interstitial fluid transports oxygen and nutrients around the body. A separate cavity fills the hollow tentacles; it passes oxygen from the tentacles to the coelom. The body wall is strong and muscular; when threatened, Sipunculids can retract their body into a shape resembling a peanut kernel. This is where the name "Australian peanut worm" comes from.

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproduction can be found in Sipunculans, although asexual reproduction is uncommon. Sipunculans reproduce asexually via transverse fission followed by regeneration of vital body components. As for sexual reproduction, Sipunculans are dioecious. Their gametes are produced in the coelomic lining, where they are released into the coelom to mature. These gametes are then picked up by the metanephridia system and released into the aquatic environment. Fertilization in Sipunculans is external. Once male and female matured gametes meet, a Trochopore larva develops followed by a Pelagosphera larva to a juvenile and finally into an adult.

Relationships

The phylogenetic placement of this phylum has proved troublesome. Originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters, the phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly from developmental and larval characters. Nowadays, these two phyla are generally included in a larger group, the Lophotrochozoa, that also includes annelids, ribbon worms, and four other phyla.

Fossil record

The fossil record of the Sipuncula is, not surprisingly for soft-bodied animals, sparse. Some scientists, however, consider that hyoliths, operculate shells from the Palaeozoic may be related to the sipunculids, with the only remnant of the shell in extant forms being the anal plate.

Even excluding hyoliths, fossils of sipunculans are known extending back to the Cambrian Period. Fossils of the genera "Archaeogolfingia" and "Cambrosipunculus" from China are not drastically different from members of the Sipunculidea living today. [cite journal
author = Huang, D. Y., J.-Y. Chen, J. Vannier, and J. I. Saiz Salinas
year = 2004
title = Early Cambrian sipunculan worms from southwest China
journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B
volume = 271 | issue = 1549 | pages = 1671–1676 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2774 ]

References

External links

* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/sipuncula/sipuncula.html Introduction to the Sipuncula, by UCMP]
* [http://tolweb.org/Sipuncula/2487 Sipuncula in "Tree of Life web project"]