HIV/AIDS in the Republic of China

Taiwan's epidemic of HIV/AIDS began with the first case reported in December 1984. In 1990, the government promulgated the AIDS Prevention and Control Act. As of May 2006, there are 11,000 reported cases. HIV/AIDS patients in Taiwan can receive free medical care (including HAART therapies), with the state covering the cost.ref|2005nhi Non-governmental organizations have set up "AIDS Half-Way Houses" for homeless patients.

Epidemiology

The first reported case was reported in December 1984 on a foreign transit traveler. The first local infection was reported on February 1986.

According to the Centers for Disease Control of Taiwan's statistics of May 2006, there were 11,486 infected with HIV, 2,631 among them having AIDS. Of all cases:
*90% are male, 10% female
*40% are 20-29 years old
*35% are drug users, 26% homosexuals, 25% heterosexuals
*21% live in Taipei county, 15% in Taipei city, 11% in Taoyuan county.

*579 are foreigners.ref|tw_stat

The ratio of patients of drug users increases rapidly. Since 1984, incidence of infections through sexual contacts had accounted for 90% of all cases for most of time. But in 2005, drug using patients accounted for more than 50%. To prevent the disease from spreading to general population rapidly, CDC announced the "Harm Reduction Pilot Projects for IDUs". The program includes expansion of the existing education and rehabilitation network, and the establishment of a harm reduction program unprecedented to the country.ref|tw_hr

HIV-1 epidemic

Taiwan is entering a new and dangerous phase of its HIV-1/AIDS epidemic, which by far accounts for the majority of its total number of HIV infection cases.

By the end of 2006, 13702 individuals (including 599 foreigners) had been reported as infected with HIV-1 to the Centers for Disease Control of Taiwan.Centers for Disease Control, ROC (Taiwan). [http://www.cdc.gov.tw/website_en/health%20topics/Communicable%20Diseases%20&%20Prevention/Issues%20of%20HIV-AIDS/Statistics%20of%20HIV-AIDS/Download%20HIV-AIDS%20Data.files/2006.files/9512Monthly%20Report.pdf HIV/AIDS data] . 2006 (accessed Jan 30, 2007).] In 2003, HIV-1 rates in first-time blood donors, military conscripts, and pregnant women were measured at 5.2, 57.0, and 12.0 per 100 000, respectively. Data from that year indicated HIV-1 rates of 0.09% for intravenous drug users, 0.2% for female sex workers, 1.9% for patients with sexually transmitted infections, and 6.7% for men who have sex with men in saunas or bath houses. Since then, the number of people living with HIV-1/AIDS in Taiwan has jumped sharply, from an 11% increase in 2003 to a 77% increase in 2004 and a 123% increase in 2005.

However, after the implementation of a harm-reduction program, a 10% decrease was seen in 2006. The current estimated number of HIV-1/AIDS cases in Taiwan is about 30000, which suggests that the infection rate there could be greater than that in China: 30000 per 23 million (1/767) compared with 650,000 per 1.3 billion (1/2000). [Ministry of HealthPeople's Republic of ChinaJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSWorld Health Organization. [http://data.unaids.org/Publications/External-Documents/RP_2005ChinaEstimation_25Jan06_en.pdf 2005 update on the HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in China] . Jan 24, 2005: (accessed Jan 23, 2007).]

A risk-factor analysis of reported cases showed that the proportion of intravenous drug users infected with HIV-1 increased from 1.7% (13/772) in 2002, to 8.1% (70/862) in 2003, to 41.3% (628/1520) in 2004, to 72.4% (2461/3399) in 2005, and dropped to 68.6% (2017/2974) in 2006. The most important risk factor for Taiwanese intravenous drug users is needle-sharing, followed by the sharing of heroin diluents. [Chen YM. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection among injecting drug users in Taiwan. 2005 Taipei International Conference on Drug Control and Addition Treatment, Taipei, Taiwan, Nov 22–24, 2005.] A molecular epidemiological study showed that more than 95% of intravenous drug users with newly diagnosed HIV-1 in 2004 and 2005 were infected with CRF07_BC, a circulating recombinant form of subtypes B' and C. [Chen YM, Lan YC, Lai SF, Yang JY, Tsai SF, Kuo SH. HIV-1 CRF07_BC infections, injecting drug users, Taiwan. "Emerg Infect Dis" 2006; 12: 703-705.] Lin YT, Lan YC, Chen YJ, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection and full-length genomic analysis of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form 07_BC strains from injecting drug users in Taiwan. "J Infect Dis" (in press).] Previously, several studies suggested that CRF07_BC originated in China's Yunnan province as a mix of subtype B' from Thailand and subtype C from India. The subtype is believed to have moved to Xinjiang in China's northwest along a major heroin-trafficking route. [Su L, Graf M, Zhang Y, et al. Characterization of a virtually full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome of a prevalent intersubtype (C/B') recombinant strain in China. "J Virol" 2000; 74: 11367-11376.]

Of the 60,000–100,000 injecting drug users in Taiwan, 10–15% may be infected with CRF07_BC. If so, they probably represent the largest group of such intravenous drug users in northeast Asia. The circulating recombinant form might have followed a separate drug-trafficking route to Taiwan from Yunnan via southeast China, Guangxi, and Hong Kong. [Piyasirisilp S, McCutchan FE, Carr JK, et al. A recent outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in southern China was initiated by two highly homogeneous, geographically separated strains, circulating recombinant form AE and a novel BC recombinant. "J Virol" 2000; 74: 11286-11295.] [Cohen J. Asia and Africa: on different trajectories?. "Science" 2004; 304: 1932-1938.] 20: 259-262.">Lim WL, Xing H, Wong KH, et al. The lack of an epidemiological link between HIV type 1 infections in Hong Kong and Mainland China. "AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses" 2004; 20: 259-262.] There have been enormous increases in the amount of heroin smuggled into Taiwan and in the number of intravenous drug users since 2002, when five intravenous drug users from southern Taiwan were diagnosed as the country's first HIV-1 seropositive cases infected with CRF07_BC. Even though the Hong Kong authorities identified three cases of CRF07_BC infection in 2001, a serious outbreak in that city's population of intravenous drug users is believed to have been blocked by a methadone maintenance program.20: 259-262."/>

Monitoring

Close monitoring of emerging HIV-1 subtypes related to intravenous drug use and implementing harm-reduction programs has been and continue to be vital in preventing similar outbreaks in other populations of intravenous drug users in neighboring countries. In 2005, Alex Wodak, Gerry Stimson, and other harm-reduction experts were invited to Taiwan to share their experiences with government officials, medical field-workers, and public-health professionals. After careful study of harm-reduction programs in place in Hong Kong and Australia, a pilot program was started in four of Taiwan's 23 administrative areas in September, 2005. This program has since been expanded nationally, and consists of 427 service sites for syringe exchange plus centres for methadone maintenance therapy. Free methadone is provided to HIV-1-infected intravenous drug users while HIV-1 seronegative intravenous drug users have to pay about US$1600 a year. The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control plans to provide methadone maintenance to intravenous drug users in prisons, and the country's Bureau of Controlled Drugs will start producing methadone to assist in the government's commitment to providing methadone maintenance to 30,000 intravenous drug users by 2009.

All parts of Asia are reporting rising numbers of HIV-positive and AIDS patients in male homosexuals and bisexuals. In Taiwan, HIV-1 infection rates in men who have sex with men in gay saunas in different cities currently range from 5.2% to 15.8%.Lai SF, Hong CP, Lan YC, et al. [http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/show.asp?abstract_id=2172548 Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in men who have sex with men from gay saunas in Taiwan from 2000 to 2003.] XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11–16, 2004: (accessed Jan 23, 2007).] 33: 467-473.">Ko NY, Lee HC, Chang JL, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections and risky sexual behaviors among men visiting gay bathhouses in Taiwan. "Sex Transm Dis" 2006; 33: 467-473.] The same population has high rates of syphilis, 8.1–13.8%, depending on the city.33: 467-473."/> Taiwanese male homosexual and bisexual HIV-1/AIDS patients have also been diagnosed with significantly higher rates of syphilis than have heterosexual patients.Chen YM, Huang KL, Jen I, et al. Temporal trends and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Taiwan from 1988 to 1998. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 2002; 26: 274-282.] Furthermore, the percentage of homosexual or bisexual HIV-1/AIDS patients under the age of 20 years is significantly higher than that of heterosexual patients, 3.0% versus 1.7%. In addition to the stigmatization of homosexuality in Taiwanese society, the lack of accurate information on homosexuality in sex education and on risk factors in AIDS education increases the risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections within the country's population of men who have sex with men. Whilst a community-based prevention program for such men has been developed by a group of academic and grass-roots non-governmental organiszations, a current challenge is the implementation of this program into a national program, and making it a priority.

Taiwan's clinical spectrum of AIDS patients is similar to those reported in other developed countries, but significant differences have been noted in incidences of opportunistic infections. For example, the incidence of tuberculosis in patients with advanced illness is high in Taiwan (24.6%) and the rate of endemic fungal ("Penicillium marneffei") infections is increasing. [Hsieh SM, Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsueh PR, Chang SC, Luh KT. Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection in Taiwan. "J Formos Med Assoc" 1996; 95: 923-928.] [Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Hung CC, Chen YG, Luh KT, Ho SW. Molecular evidence on strain dissemination of Penicillium marneffei: an emerging pathogen in Taiwan. "J Infect Dis" 2000; 181: 1706-1712.] On the positive side, the effort by the Taiwanese Government since April, 1997, to distribute highly-active antiretroviral therapy for free [Fang CT, Hsu SM, Twu SJ, et al. Decreased HIV transmission after a policy of providing free access to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Taiwan. "J Infect Dis" 2004; 190: 879-885.] has resulted in dramatic decreases in morbidity and mortality from HIV-1 infection. [Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Chang SC. Clinical spectrum, morbidity and mortality of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Taiwan: a 5-year prospective study. "J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol" 2000; 24: 378-385.]

Because of their high background prevalence, HBV and HCV coinfections with HIV are particularly important in Asian countries in terms of HIV transmission via injecting drug use. [Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. "J Hepatol" 2006; 44: S6-S9.] [Law WP, Dore GJ, Duncombe CJ, et al. Risk of severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in the HIV-NAT Cohort, Thailand, 1996–2001. "AIDS" 2003; 17: 2191-2199.] In a survey of 459 intravenous drug users infected with HIV-1, one of us (Y-MAC) found that 456 (99.6%) also had anti-HCV antibodies and 77 (16.8%) were seropositive for HBsAg. The long-term impact of hepatitis coinfections on HIV and on morbidity and mortality from liver disease requires monitoring.

Control

By the end of 2006, 19 confirmed cases of vertical HIV-1 transmission have been reported to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. In January, 2005, the agency started a national program focused on prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and five cases of vertical transmission were reported in 2005. By June, 2006, the screening rate had reached 97·4%, and 47 of 338 452 pregnant women (13·9 per 100 000) tested in Taiwan have been identified as having HIV-1 infections and have received antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To increase the participation rate, there is discussion of changing the voluntary counselling and testing strategy from opt-in to opt-out.

Several positive responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Taiwan should be mentioned. In 1990 an AIDS Prevention and Control Law was passed to protect the rights of Taiwanese people with HIV/AIDS for treatment, education, and employment. Since 1992, 16 non-governmental organizations registered or established in Taiwan have provided shelter, care, counselling, anonymous testing, and AIDS education. One in particular, the People Living with HIV/AIDS Rights' Advocacy Association, has been addressing human rights issues related to HIV/AIDS since 1997. However, most such organizations have their headquarters and facilities in northern Taiwan, and two-thirds of the country's intravenous drug users live in central and southern parts. In addition, many social workers employed by non-governmental organizations are still unfamiliar with issues related to drug abuse and inexperienced in interacting with intravenous drug users. There is a clear and immediate need for counselling workshops for medical staff and social workers.

As the HIV-1 infection threat increases, there are many signs of persistent denial and resurgent discrimination in Taiwan. Several important issues need to be addressed: sentinel surveillance of female sex workers, social welfare institutions and housing for homeless people with HIV/AIDS, financial support for non-governmental organizations, training and re-education programs aimed at changing the attitudes of medical staff toward people with HIV/AIDS, and more funding for AIDS research, especially vaccine development.

Deportation of infected foreigners and human rights

Taiwan department of health currently deport foreigners having HIV once identified (see article 14-2 of the Taiwanese health Bureau [http://www.tnchb.gov.tw/English/CmsShow.aspx?Parm=2007426152236516,200742315305794,5] ).There is no difference made between foreigners having permanent resident status or those married with a local Taiwanese person.

Identification usually occurs during mandatory blood test for teachers, government agency and some state-run enterprises employees.There are no penalties for enterprises refusing to hire a foreigner person carrying HIV thus allowing work and employment discrimination. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/12/19/2003215746] .Some amendments have been made to the law allowing foreigners married with a local Taiwanese person to be able to come back to Taiwan on temporary visa after deportation. However, Several Taiwanese official claim it interferes with basic freedom and neglects human rights [http://www.thebody.com/content/art10050.html] .

ources

*languageicon|zh-tw [http://www.nhi.gov.tw/information/bbs_detail.asp?bulletin_ID=556&menu=1 中央健康保險局公文]
*languageicon|zh-tw 疾病管制局 [http://www.cdc.gov.tw/file/疾病介紹/法定傳染病/其他/愛滋病/統計資料下載/950531統計資料下載.pdf HIV/AIDS統計月報表] (5月。PDF格式)
*languageicon|zh-tw 疾病管制局 [http://www.cdc.gov.tw/file/38743_4085069444941111總計畫(修正版).doc 毒品病患愛滋減害試辦計畫] (MS Word格式)

References

ee also

External links

* [http://www.cdc.gov.tw/ Centers for Disease Control] — Taipei, Taiwan
* [http://www.ym.edu.tw/aids/ AIDS Prevention and Research Center] and [http://www.ym.edu.tw/iph/iph13.htm Institute of Public Health] , National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan