Bulstrode Whitelocke

Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke (6 August 1605 – 28 July 1675) was an English lawyer, writer, parliamentarian and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England.

Biography

He was the eldest son of Sir James Whitelocke, born in Fleet Street, London and baptized on 19 August 1605. He was educated briefly at Eton College, then at Merchant Taylors' School and at St John's College, Oxford, where he matriculated on December 8, 1620.

He left Oxford, without a degree, for the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1626 and chosen treasurer in 1628. He was fond of field sports and of music, and in 1633 he had charge of the music in the great masque performed by the inns of court before the king and queen. Meanwhile he had been elected for Stafford in the parliament of 1626 and had been appointed recorder of Abingdon and Henley. In 1640 he was chosen member for Great Marlow in the Long Parliament.

He took a prominent part in the proceedings against Strafford, was chairman of the committee of management, and had charge of articles XIX.–XXIV. of the impeachment. He drew up the bill for making parliaments indissoluble except by their own consent, and supported the Grand Remonstrance and the action taken in the House of Commons against the illegal canons; on the militia question, however, he advocated a joint control by king and parliament. On the outbreak of the "Great Rebellion" he took the side of the parliament, using his influence in the country as deputy-lieutenant to prevent the king's raising troops in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.

He was sent to the king at Oxford both in 1643 and 1644 to negotiate terms, and the secret communications with Charles on the latter occasion were the foundation of a charge of treason brought against Whitelocke and Denzil Holles later. He was again one of the commissioners at Uxbridge in 1645.

Nevertheless he opposed the policy of Holles and the peace party and the proposed disbanding of the army in 1647, and though one of the lay members of the assembly of divines, repudiated the claims of divine authority put forward by the Presbyterians for their church, and approved of religious tolerance. He thus gravitated more towards Oliver Cromwell and the army party, but he took no part either in the disputes between the army and the parliament or in the trial of the king. On the establishment of the Commonwealth, though out of sympathy with the government, he was nominated to the council of state and a commissioner of the new Great Seal.

He urged Cromwell after the Battle of Worcester and again in 1652 to recall the royal family, while in 1653 he disapproved of the expulsion of the Long Parliament and was especially marked out for attack by Cromwell in his speech on that occasion. Later in the autumn, and perhaps in consequence, Whitelocke was despatched on a mission to Christina, queen of Sweden, to conclude a treaty of alliance and assure the freedom of the Sound. On his return he resumed his office as commissioner of the Great Seal, was appointed a commissioner of the treasury with a salary of 1000, and was returned to the parliament of 1654 for each of the four constituencies of Bedford, Exeter, Oxford and Buckinghamshire, electing to sit for the latter constituency.

Whitelocke was a learned and a sound lawyer. He had hitherto shown himself not unfavourable to reform, having supported the bill introducing the use of English into legal proceedings, having drafted a new treason law, and set on foot some alterations in chancery procedure. A tract advocating tie registering of title-deeds is attributed to him. But he opposed the revolutionary innovations dictated by ignorant and popular prejudices. He defeated the strange bill which sought to exclude lawyers from parliament; and to the sweeping and ill-considered changes in the court of chancery proposed by Cromwell and the council he offered an unbending and honorable resistance, being dismissed in consequence, together with his colleague William Widdrington, on June 6 1654 from his commissionership of the Great Seal (see William Lenthall).

He still, however, remained on good terms with Cromwell, by whom he was respected; he took part in public business, acted as Cromwell's adviser on foreign affairs, negotiated the treaty with Sweden of 1656, and, elected again to the parliament of the same year as member for Buckinghamshire, was chairman of the committee which conferred with Cromwell on the subject of the Petition and Advice and urged the protector to assume the title of king. In December 1657 he became a member of the new House of Lords.

On Richard Cromwell's accession he was reappointed a commissioner of the Great Seal, and had considerable influence during the former's short tenure of power. He returned to his place in the Long Parliament on its recall, was appointed a member of the council of state on May 14, 1659, and became president in August; and subsequently, on the fresh expulsion of the Long Parliament, he was included in the committee of safety which superseded the council. He again received the Great Seal into his keeping on the first of November. During the period which immediately preceded the Restoration he endeavoured to oppose George Monck's schemes, and desired Charles Fleetwood to forestall him and make terms with Charles, but in vain.

On the failure of his plans he retired to the country and awaited events. Whitelocke's career, however, had been marked by moderation and good sense throughout. The necessity of carrying on the government of the country somehow or other had been the chief motive of his adherence to Cromwell rather than any sympathy for a republic or a military dictatorship, and his advice to Cromwell to accept the title of king was doubtless tendered with the object of giving the administration greater stability and of protecting its adherents under the Statute of Henry VII. Nor had he shown himself unduly ambitious or self-seeking in the pursuit of office, and he had proved himself ready to sacrifice high place to the claims of professional honour and duty. These considerations were not without weight with his contemporaries at the Restoration. Accordingly, Whitelocke was not excepted from the Act of Indemnity, and after the payment of various sums to the king and others he was allowed to retain the bulk of his property. He lived henceforth in seclusion at Chilton Foliat in Wiltshire, dying on 28 July 1675.

Private life

Whitelocke lived at Fawley Court in Buckinghamshire and Chilton Park in Wiltshire. He married:

# Rebecca, daughter of Thomas Bennet
# Frances, daughter of Lord Willoughby of Parham
# Mary Carleton, widow of Rowland Wilson

He left children by each of his wives.

Publications

Whitelocke was the author of:

* "Memorials of the English affairs from the beginning of the reign of Charles I …", published 1682 and reprinted, a work which has obtained greater authority than it deserves, being largely a compilation from various sources, composed after the events and abounding in errors.
* "Annals", his work of greatest value, still remains in manuscript in Lord Bute's and Lord de la Warr's collections ("Hist. Brit. Comm. III." Rep. pp202, 217; also Egerton Manuscripts Brit. Mus. 997, add. Manuscripts 4992, 4994); his "Journal of the Swedish Embassy …" was published 1772 and re-edited by Henry Reeve in 1885 (add. Manuscripts 4902, 4991 and 4995 and Hist. Manuscripts Comm III. Rep. 190, 217)
* "Notes on the Kings Writ for choosing Members of Parliament …" were published 1766 (see also add. MSS. 4993)
* "Memorials of English Affairs from the supposed expedition of Brace to this Island to the end of the Reign of James I", were published 1709
* "Essays Ecclesiastical and Civil" (1706)
* "Quench not the Spirit" (1711)
* some theological treatises remain in manuscript, and several others are attributed to him.

See the article by Ruth Spalding in the Oxford "Dict. Nat. Biog."; Ruth Spalding's "The Improbable Puritan", Faber & Faber (1975); "The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675" and "Contemporaries of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675, Biographies, Illustrated by Letters and other Documents" edited by Ruth Spalding, published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press (1990); the article by CH Firth in the "Dict. Nat. Biog." with authorities there quoted; "Memoirs of B Whitelocke" by RH Whitelocke (1860); Henry Reeve's edition of the "Swedish Embassy"; Foss's "Judges of England"; "Eng. Hist. Rev." xvi. 737; Wood's "Ath. Oxon." iii. 1042.

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External links

*
* [http://www.bartleby.com/217/0925.html Historical and Political Writings] by Bulstrode Whitelocke
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp04811 Pictures] in the National Portrait Gallery, London
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0852122.html Infoplease biography]