Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 91 BCE)

Lucius Marcius Philippus was a politician of the Roman Republic.

Tribunate

Marcius Philippus was tribune of the plebs in 104 BC, during which time he brought forward an agrarian law, of the details of which we are not informed, but which is chiefly memorable for the statement he made in recommending the measure, that there were not two thousand men in the state who possessed property.rf|1|cic_deoff_ii21 He seems to have brought forward this measure chiefly with the view of acquiring popularity, and he quietly dropped it when he found there was no hope of carrying it. In 100 BC, he defended the state along with other distinguished statesmen to protect it from Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.rf|2|cic_prorabir_7

Consulship

He lost in a campaign for the consulship in 93 BC to Marcus Herennius, but did reach the office in 91 BC with Sextus Julius Caesar as his colleague. This was a very turbulent year in Rome for Marcus Livius Drusus, a tribune of the plebs, brought forward laws concerning the distribution of corn, assignation of public land, and the creation on colonies in Italy and Sicily. It is sufficient to state here that Drusus at first enjoyed the full confidence of the senate, especially as he was passing many laws beneficial to the people, and so endeavoured by his measures to reconcile the people to the senatorial party.

Philippus, on the other hand, belonged to the popular party, and he offered a vigorous opposition to the tribune, and thus came into open conflict with the senate. At times there were scenes of quarrelling and turbulence arising from the objection of "populares" to the designs of Drusus. On one occasion Philippus declared in the senate that he could no longer carry on the government with such a body, and that there was need of a new senate. This roused the great orator L. Licinius Crassus, who asserted in the course of his speech, in which he is said to have surpassed his usual eloquence, that that man could not be his consul who refused to recognise him as senator.rf|3|cic_deorat_iii1 This violence spilled out into the forum at other times. In an attempt to prevent Drusus from passing his laws, Philippus interrupted him. This caused Drusus to order his clients to drag Philippus to prison. The order was executed with such violence that the blood started from the nostrils of the consul, as he was dragged away by the throat.rf|4|valmax_ix5_2 Nevertheless, Drusus successfully passed his laws in the assemblies.

Philippus reconciled himself with the senate, when members previously supportive of Drusus began to mistrust him. He, as an augur, convinced the senate to declare the laws of Drusus to be null and void because they were carried against the auspices.rf|5|cic_deprovcons_9 Nothing else is recorded of the consulship of Philippus, except that he recommended the senate to lay claim to Egypt, in. consequence of its having been left to them by the will of Alexander.rf|6|cic_delegarg_ii16

The Civil Wars

Philippus did not play much of a part in the Civil Wars. While Cicero mentions that he was in Sulla's party, he remained in Rome unmolested during Cinna's time in power.rf|7|cic_adatt_viii3 He even became censor with Marcus Perperna in 86 BCE and he is said to have expelled his own uncle Appius Claudius from the senate.rf|8|cic_prodom_32

After Sulla's death he resisted attempts to change the constitution Sulla left in place.rf|9|sall_hist_i18 But he soon gave his support to Gnaeus Pompeius, by whose means the people eventually regained most of their former political power.

Legacy as an Orator

Philippus was one of the most distinguished orators of his time. His reputation continued even to the Augustan age, whence we read in Horace:rf|10|hor_epi_i7_46 —

:: "Strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis Clarus."

Cicero says that Philippus was decidedly inferior as an orator to his two great contemporaries Crassus and Antonius, but was without question next to them. In speaking he possessed much freedom and wit; he was fertile in invention, and clear in the development of his ideas; and in altercation he was witty and sarcastic. He was also well acquainted with Greek literature for that time.rf|11|cic_brut_173 He was accustomed to speak extempore, and, when he rose to speak, he frequently did not know with what word he should begin:rf|12|cic_deorat_ii78 hence in his old age it was with both contempt and anger that he used to listen to the studied periods of Hortensius.rf|13|cic_brut_95

Philippus was a man of luxurious habits, which his wealth enabled him to gratify: his fish-ponds were particularly celebrated for their magnificence and extent, and are mentioned by the ancients along with those of Lucullus and Hortensius.rf|14|varr_7

He had two sons: Lucius Marcius Philippus and a step-son Gellius Publicola.

References

ent|1|cic_deoff_ii21 Cicero, [http://www.stoics.com/cicero_book.html "De officiis," 21.] ent|2|cic_prorabir_7 Cicero, ent|3|cic_deorat_iii1 Cicero, [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Cic.%20de%20Orat.%203&lang=original "De oratore," 3.1] ; Quintilian, [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.89 "Institutio Oratoria," viii.3.89] ; Valerius Maximus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/valmax6.html "Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem," vi.2.2.] ent|4|valmax_ix5_2 Valerius Maximus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/valmax9.html#5.2 "Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem," ix.5.2] ; Florus, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/florus2.html#5 "Epitomae de Tito Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC Libri Duo," ii.5] ; Aurelius Victor, [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/aurelius_victor/illustr.html#66 "De viris illustribus urbis Romae," 66.] ent|5|cic_deprovcons_9 Cicero, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0134/_P9.HTM "De provinciis consularibus," 9] ; [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/leg2.shtml#12 "De legibus," ii.12] ; "Fragm." vol. iv. p. 449, ed. Orelli ; Ascon. "in Cornel", p. 68.ent|6|cic_delegarg_ii16 Cicero, [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Auteurs_anciens/Lege_Agraria2.htm#16 "De Lege Agraria contra Rullum," ii.16.] ent|7|cic_adatt_viii3 Cicero, [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022:text=A:book=8:letter=3 "Epistulae ad Atticum" 8.3.] ent|8|cic_prodom_32 Cicero, [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0020:text=Dom.:chapter=32 "Pro domo sua," 32.] ent|9|sall_hist_i18Sallustius, "Hist." i.18, 19ent|10|hor_epi_i7_46 Horatius, [http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/latin/classical/horace/epistulae107.html "Epistularum liber primus," 7.] ent|11|cic_brut_173 Cicero, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#173 "Brutus," 173.] (" [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/8cbho10.txt English] via Project Gutenberg")ent|12|cic_deorat_ii78 Cicero, [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0120:book=2 "De oratore," ii.78.] ent|13|cic_brut_95 Cicero, "Brutus," 95.ent|14|varr_7 Varro, [http://www.readme.it/libri/2/2048022.shtml "Rerum Rusticarum de Agri Cultura," 3.3.10] ; Columella, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columella.rr8.html "De re rustica," viii.16] ; Pliny "Naturalis Historia," ix. 54. s. 80