Giant Palouse earthworm

Giant Palouse earthworm
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Class:	Clitellata
Subclass:	Oligochaeta
Order:	Haplotaxida
Family:	Megascolecidae
Genus:	Driloleirus
Species:	D. americanus
Binomial name
Driloleirus americanus Smith, 1897

The giant Palouse earthworm or Washington giant earthworm (Driloleirus americanus, meaning lily-like worm^[2]) is a species of earthworm belonging to the genus Driloleirus found in the Palouse region of Eastern Washington state as well as parts of Idaho in the United States. The worm was discovered in 1897 by Frank Smith near Pullman, Washington. It can burrow down 5 metres (16 feet).^[3]

Although it had been thought to be extinct in the 1980s, recent evidence has demonstrated that the species is not. The latest sighting included recovery of two specimens, an adult and a juvenile, which were unearthed on March 27, 2010 by scientists at the University of Idaho.^[4]

Biology

Little is known about the giant Palouse earthworm. The worm is believed to grow up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Modern specimens, however, have been observed up to only about half that length. The worm is albino in appearance. Prior to its rediscovery in 2010, the worm was believed to give off a scent similar to that of the lily flower when handled^[2] and that it was able to spit in self-defense;^[3] however, the specimens captured did not exhibit these capabilities.^[5]

This species' native habitat consists of the bunch grass prairies of the Palouse region. The fertile soil consists of deposits of volcanic ash and rich layers of organic matter, thought to sustain the worm during dry seasons. The worm burrows deep during summer droughts and is able to conserve water in its nephridia.^[2][3]

Research

It has been described as "common" in the Palouse in the 1890s, according to an 1897 article in The American Naturalist by Frank Smith. Smith's work was based on hearsay reports and just four samples sent to him by R.W. Doane of Washington State University. There was no conclusive scientific study in the late 19th century to determine the actual abundance of the worm.

Jodi Johnson-Maynard, a University of Idaho associate professor and a soil ecologist specializing in macroinvertebrates, continues her years-long pursuit for just this elusive giant white worm with a fresh project for the summer of 2009.^[6][7][8] Only four sightings had been confirmed (prior to the 2010 discovery) in the past 30 years, the previous most recent sighting was in 2005 by one of Johnson-Maynard's own students, Yaniria Sanchez-de Leon. Although funding is difficult to find and maintain, it has been worked through various contracts with the Idaho Conservation Data Center in the Idaho Department of Fish and Game and in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.^[7]

Conservation status

As of 2001^[update], the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has considered the giant Palouse earthworm vulnerable due to loss of habitat and competition from non-native species.^[1][2] In August 2006, conservationists petitioned the U.S. government to list the worm under the Endangered Species Act.^[3] However, in October 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declined to list the species as protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), citing a lack of scientific information on which to base a decision to list. This determination prompted a number of environmental organizations to sue the agency for violation of the ESA and Administrative Procedures Act in order "to ensure the vanishing giant earthworm receives the protection it deserves."^[9] However, on February 12, 2009, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington upheld the decision of the USFWS, finding the FWS's determination "that an organization's request for listing the giant Palouse earthworm ( Driloleirus americanus) (GPE) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act was not supported by substantial information was a reasonable determination where the organization had to rely almost entirely upon circumstantial evidence. At each point along the analytical path, whether considering the extent of the GPE's habitat, its population, or potential threats to its existence, the FWS provided a rational basis for declining to draw the inferences sought by the organization."^[10]

See also

• Oregon giant earthworm
• Giant Gippsland earthworm

References

1. ^ ^{a b} World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). Driloleirus americanus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-05-09. Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3)
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Giant Palouse Earthworm". Pacific Biology Institute's Endagered Species Information Network. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20060629185731/http://www.pacificbio.org/ESIN/OtherInvertebrates/GiantPalouseEarthworm/GiantEarthworm.html. Retrieved 2006-09-09. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Geranios, Nicholas K. (2006-09-08). "Giant worm is stuff of legends and must be saved, group says". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003249318_webgiantworm08.html. Retrieved 2006-09-09. 
4. ^ "APNewsBreak: Idaho Scientists Find Fabled Worm," The New York Times, April 27, 2010.
5. ^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (2010-04-27). "Idaho scientists find fabled worm". Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011717278_apusgiantpalouseearthworm3rdldwritethru.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 
6. ^ Doughton, Sandi (2007-11-06). "If it's a giant earthworm, why is it hard to find?". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003996233_giantworm06m.html. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Two Discoveries Add to Giant Earthworm Science in Northwest". University of Idaho. 2008-05-02. http://news.ag.uidaho.edu:591/News/FMPro?-db=AgNews&-lay=generic&-format=story.htm&NewStoryID=958&-find. 
8. ^ Geranio, Nicholas (2009-07-07). "Searchers shovel Northwest dirt seeking giant worm". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090712/ap_on_sc/us_giant_palouse_earthworm;_ylt=AquRYF_hwf04NgyQ1t6Hh2VH2ocA;_ylu=X3oDMTE1bWJhMWU5BHBvcwM1BHNlYwN5bi1jaGFubmVsBHNsawNzZWFyY2hlcnNzaG8-. 
9. ^ Center for Biological Diversity press release (2007-10-31). "Rare Three-Foot Long, Spitting Earthworm Denied Legal Protection; Conservation Groups to File Suit". Environmental News Network. http://www.enn.com/press_releases/2233/. Retrieved 2007-10-31. 
10. ^ 2009 WL 415596 (E.D.Wash.) (Westlaw citation, available by subscription).

External links

• Palouse Prairie Foundation
• Environmentalists Race to Protect Giant Earthworm (news story 9/11/2007)
• Science Daily report on Giant Palouse earthworm 05/05/08)
• Search Begins for Rare, Giant Worm 07/14/2009
• Idaho scientists find fabled worm (news story 4/27/2010)
• Scientists Capture Elusive Giant Palouse Earthworm from National Public Radio**

• "Great White: The giant Palouse earthworm can't be found — yet it's dividing the Palouse" from The Pacific Northwest Inlander**