Blue Team (U.S. politics)

The Blue Team is an informal term for a group of politicians and journalists in United States loosely unified by their belief that the People's Republic of China is a significant security threat to the United States. Though allied on some issues with Democratic advocates of labor, most of those to whom the term has been applied are conservative or neoconservative. However, few have occupied positions of high power within the Bush Administration, instead tending to work for the Pentagon, US intelligence services, and private think tanks and journals.

Origin and application of the term

The name comes from the color representing US forces in war games, in contrast to the red that represents the American opponent. It was coined by William Triplett, former counsel to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. [Gertz 46.] He meant to describe a divergence arising originally from changing Sino-American relations, particularly as regards the political status of Taiwan. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, [Kaiser and Mufson A1.] and in the context of China's economic expansion, "blue" concerns widened in scope. [Friedman 72.] They worried about China's military and diplomatic ambitions not only in Asia but around the world; they worried about China's protectionist economic policies; most immediately, they worried about the tendency toward accommodation of China by many people in the US government.

Though now applied primarily to Republicans, the terms refers to concerns not tied to a single party or perspective. Bill Clinton campaigned in 1992 against Bush's supposed laxness toward China. [Friedman 66.] Though the Republican platform in 2000 criticized Clinton's treatment of China, President Bush has not fully embraced the "blue" interpretation of China's aims, nor has he reversed Clinton's policy of constructive engagement.

Individuals associated with the interpretation

The original core of the "blue team" was a group of Congressional aides who met in an informal study group during the 1990s. [Kaiser and Mufson 11.] Working largely behind the scenes, these aides influenced legislation in subtle and incremental ways. They were involved in attaching to bills riders that forced the State Department to report on human rights abuses and the Defense Department to reveal information it had collected about the Chinese military. [Kaiser and Mufson 11.] Perhaps their largest accomplishment was the passage of the Taiwan Security Enhancement Act in 2000.

By and large, high-profile American politicians have not spoken out stridently enough against China to be called members of the Blue Team. ["Bush Policy" 11.] Some minor politicians have been closely associated with the group or its ideas. Among them are Chris Cox, chairman of the commission that produced the Cox Report on Chinese espionage; [Kaiser and Mufson 11.] and Gary Bauer, who attacked China virulently during his abortive 2000 campaign for president.

The Bush Administration has for the most part followed the pragmatic approach that has been dominant in US foreign relations since the Shanghai Communiqué. More than the Clinton Administration, it has been willing to see China as a strategic competitor, [Rice.] and it has been "far more eager...to treat China with supsicion and adopt more hard-nosed policies." [Ikenberry 433.]

Still, the dominant voices of the "team" since 2001 have come not from government but from private conservative think tanks and journals. William Kristol, whose "Weekly Standard" once described the PRC as "a regime of hair-curling, systematic barbarity," [Quoted in Gries, 5.] has called repeatedly for a harsher stance against China. So too Robert Kagan, co-founder of PNAC. "The Washington Times" columnist Bill Gertz, Ross Munro and David Blumenthal, and Peter Navarro have all written extensively about the supposed threat posed by China.

Beliefs

The beliefs associated with "Blue Team" opinions arise largely from dissatisfaction with the general drift of American foreign policy toward accommodation with the PRC. The massacre in Tiananmen Square and China's later use of a missile test in an attempt to influence Taiwanese voters sharpened fears about China's intentions; [Buszynski 128.] The more virulent critics of China accused Clinton of appeasement. [Timperlake "passim".]

For some of this orientation, China's military is the focal point of concern, as it was for the original Congressional study group. They point out that China is not only modernizing its army and navy, but is also hiding its actual military expenditures. They claim that China aspires to dominate the region through, for example, the creation of a blue water navy, and that such dominance would inevitably endanger US interests and threaten long-time allies Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jun/09/20050609-120336-4092r/] Blue Team members thus harshly criticized the Commerce department's decision to allow the sale of supercomputers to China because these computers could have military applications.

Influence

After expressing an influential minority view for the latter half of the nineties, the Blue Team may have seemed poised to take a more active role in policy-setting. The Hainan Island incident indicated that Bush might be willing to take a harder line with Beijing. However, the September 11, 2001 attacks made terrorism a far more pressing issue than the Asian sphere of influence. The ongoing war in Iraq has made serious engagement in another part of the world less tenable.

The 2002 National security strategy asserted the US's desire to promote democracy in the region, in particular by defending its allies' interests. However, President Bush announced in 2003 that he would oppose any effort by Taiwan to use a referendum to alter the status quo.

Despite this concern for maintaining the status quo, the security strategy emphasized the ideological difference between China and the US. As the Soviet Union collapsed and Russia's economy and military were still in turmoil, it seemed to some observers logical that China would seek to replace Russia as the main counterbalance to the United States. [Feffer 123.]

Still, the "blue" perspective views with alarm China's increased military spending and the passing of the Taiwan anti-secession law in 2005. [Drell 243.] This was of major concern to US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld since the Pentagon had frequently complained about the lack of transparency in China's military capabilities and intentions. A recent threat report from the Pentagon supported the Blue Team's fears, with China attempting a military build up aimed at capturing Taiwan and deterring outside help from the US and Japan. Finally, though US policy towards North Korea has depended partly on China's cooperation, some "hawks" in the US suspect China's motives as regards that country as well. [Scobell 344-5.]

Criticism

Critics of the Blue Team claim that most of the fears, especially of inevitable conflict, are much exaggerated. They point out that China's highly touted jet fighters and other high-tech equipment does not represent the current state of its armed forces, much of which is still using 60s-era Soviet equipment.

Some argue that the hawkish stance of Blue Team members and the Pentagon have threatened China and are thus the "cause" for its clandestine military buildup. Also, an overwhelming focus on China would detract from many short-term security concerns such as terrorism, crime, and drugs.

Economists point out that China currently holds a substantial number of US Treasury bonds, providing a major source of backing for the US dollar and ensuring economic stability. In addition, others have argued that military confrontation with the US is not the goal of the Chinese government at this point: a direct military conflict with the United States now would lead to the economic collapse of China and possibly the US, something neither the Chinese government nor its people want now that their economy is growing at an unprecedented rate.

Although members of the Blue Team have ties to the Republican Party, they tend to be strongly opposed by business conservatives in the same party who argue for greater interaction with China. On many issues such as Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization, the Blue Team found themselves in an alliance with liberal Democratic human rights activists. Like the liberal Democrats, both have criticized business interests for putting profits before human rights, but the similarities end there since the Blue Team is more hawkish and advocates "hard power" (military, economic force) instead of diplomatic accommodation.

Notes

Bibliography

*(2003). "A Bush Policy Worth Waiting For?" "South China Daily Post". May 29.
*Buszynski, Leszek (2004). " Asia Pacific Security: Values and Identity". London: Routledge.
*Feffer, John (2003). "North Korea, South Korea: U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis". Toronto: Hushion House.
*Friedman, Edward (2002). "Reflecting Mirrors across the Taiwan Straits: American Perspectives on a China Threat." "The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality". Herbert Yee and Ian Storey, eds. London: Routledge.
*Gertz, Bill (2002). "The China Threat". Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
*Gries, Peter Hays (2004). "China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy". Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Gurtov, Mel and Peter Van Ness (2004). "Confronting the Bush Doctrine: Critical Views from the Asia-Pacific". London: Routledge.
*Ikenberry, G. J. and Michael Mastanduno (2003). "International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific". New York: Columbia University Press.
*Jensen, Lionel and Timothy Weston (2007). "China's Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines". Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
*Kaiser, Robert and Steven Mufson (2000). "The Washington Post". February 22.
*Rice, Condoleezza (2000). " [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20000101faessay5/condoleezza-rice/campaign-2000-promoting-the-national-interest.html Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest] ." "Foreign Affairs". Jan/Feb 2000. Retrieved September 14.
*Scobell, Andrew (2002). "Crouching Korea, Hidden China: Bush Administration Policy toward Pyongyang and Beijing." "Asia Survey" 42 (2002).
*Timperlake, Edward (1998). "Year of the Rat". Washington: Regnery Press.

ee also

*Sino-American relations

External links

* [http://www.againstbombing.org/chinahands.htm Essay on The Blue Team]
* [http://www.time.com/time/asia/news/magazine/0,9754,105661,00.html Time.com-The Hard Liners-A Blue Team blocks Beijing by Jay Branegan for "Time" magazine April 16, 2001]
* [http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/security/blue_team.html Quick Guide to the Blue Team]
* [http://www.rushfordreport.com/2002/8_2002_Yankee_trader.htm In Search of an Enemy]