Carbon microphone

The carbon microphone, also known as a carbon button microphone (or sometimes just a button microphone) or a carbon transmitter, is a sound-to-electrical signal transducer consisting of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon. One plate faces outward and acts as a diaphragm. When sound waves strike this plate, the pressure on the granules changes, which in turn changes the electrical resistance between the plates. (Higher pressure lowers the resistance as the granules are pushed closer together.) A direct current is passed from one plate to the other, and the changing resistance results in a changing current, which can be passed through a telephone system, or used in other ways in electronics systems to change the sound into an electrical signal.

Before the proliferation of vacuum tube amplifiers in the 1920s, carbon microphones were the only practical means of obtaining audio signals,and were widely used in telephone systems. Their low cost, inherently high output and "peaked" frequency response characteristic were well suited for this application, and their use declined after other types of microphones became available.Carbon microphones were widely used in early AM radio broadcasting systems (usually modified telephone microphones), but their limited frequency response, as well as a fairly high noise level, led to their abandonment for that use by the late 1920s. They continued to be widely used for low-end public address, and military and amateur radio applications for some decades afterwards. [Heil, B. The Microphone: A Short Ilustrated History. "QST", 90(6), 50]

History

The invention of the carbon microphone (then called a "transmitter") was claimed both by Thomas Alva Edison in March 1878"IEEE Virtual Museum: Carbon Transmitter". New Brunswick, NJ: IEEE History Center [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/museum_help/index.php?taid=&view=contact_us] ] and separately by Emile Berliner who filed related patent applications in June 1877 and August 1879. [ [http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/13.html Inventors Hall of Fame] , E. Berliner, US patent|0463,569 filed June 1877, issued November 1891] The two sides fought a long legal battle over the patent rights. Ultimately a federal court awarded Edison full rights to the invention of the carbon microphone, saying "Edison preceded Berliner in the transmission of speech...The use of carbon in a transmitter is, beyond controversy, the invention of Edison" and the Berliner patent was ruled invalid. British courts also ruled in favor of Edison over Berliner. Having settled the Dowd suit (after Peter A. Dowd, agent of Western Union) out of court in 1881, Western Union left the telephone business, and sold Edison's patent rights and related assets to the Bell company in exchange for 20% of telephone rental receipts. Subsequently Bell telephones used the Bell receiver and the Edison transmitter. (Josephson, pp. 147-151). Later, carbon granules were used between carbon buttons. Carbon microphones were widely used in telephones in the United States from 1890 until the 1980s.

Carbon microphones used as amplifiers

One of the surprising attributes of carbon microphones is that they can actually be used as amplifiers. This capability was used in early telephone repeaters, making long distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tube amplifiers. In these repeaters, a magnetic telephone receiver (an electrical-to-mechanical transducer) was mechanically coupled to a carbon microphone. Because a carbon microphone works by varying a current passed through it, instead of generating a signal voltage as with most other microphone types, this arrangement could be used to boost weak signals and send them down the line. These amplifiers were mostly abandoned with the development of vacuum tubes, which offered higher gain and better sound quality. Even after vacuum tubes were in common use, carbon amplifiers continued to be used during the 1930s in portable audio equipment such as hearing aids. The Western Electric 65A carbon amplifier was 1.2" in diameter and 0.4" high and weighed less than 1.4 ounces. [cite web
url=http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/mechamp/mechamp.htm#ha
title=Electro-Mechanical amplifiers (Western Electric 65A carbon amplifier in 66B hearing aid)
author=Douglas Self] Such carbon amplifiers did not require the heavy bulky batteries and power supplies used by vacuum tube amplifiers. By the 1950s, carbon amplifiers for hearing aids had been replaced by vacuum tubes (only to be shortly replaced by transistors).fact|date=March 2008 However, carbon amplifiers are still being produced and sold. [cite web
url=http://www.comtronicsindustrial.com/vxi/tuffsetcarbon3.html
title=Carbon III amplifier
publisher=Comtronicsindustrial.com]

One illustration of the amplification provided by carbon microphones was the oscillation caused by feedback, that resulted in an audible squeal from the old "candlestick" telephone if its earphone was placed near the carbon microphone.

Early radio

Early AM radio transmitters relied on carbon microphones for voice modulation of the radio signal. In the first long-distance audio transmissions by Reginald Fessenden in 1906, a continuous wave from an Alexanderson alternator was fed directly to the transmitting antenna through a water-cooled carbon microphone. Later systems using vacuum tube oscillators often used the output from a carbon microphone to modulate the grid bias of the oscillator or output tube to achieve modulation.

Current usage

Apart from "legacy" telephone installations in Third World countries, carbon microphones are still used today in certain "niche" applications in the developed world. An example is the Shure 104c, [cite web
url=http://www.shure.com/stellent/groups/public/@GMS_GMI_WEB_UG/documents/web_resource/us_pro_104c_ug.pdf
title=Model 104C Guide
publisher=Shure Incorporated
format=PDF] which is still in demand because of its wide compatibility with existing equipment.

The principal advantage carbon microphones have over other microphone types is that they can produce high-level audio signals from very low DC voltages, without needing any form of additional amplification or batteries.

Old-fashioned carbon transmitter telephones are still found in remote locations at the end of very long telephone lines, whose voltage drop would disable an electronic telephone that lacks supplementary power. Most all-electronic telephones need at least 3 volts DC to work, whereas old-fashioned carbon transmitter telephones will continue to work down to a fraction of a volt. Electronic telephones also suffer from the so-called "cliff effect", whereby they abruptly stop working when the line voltage falls below the critical level, while a carbon microphone on the same line would simply have reduced output. In this situation, maintaining the older technology is seen to be more cost-effective than upgrading the line.

Carbon microphones are also widely used in safety-critical applications such as mining and chemical manufacture, where higher line voltages cannot be used, due to the risk of sparking and consequent explosions. Also, such installations often have a large existing communication infrastructure already based around carbon microphones, and again, it is often considerably cheaper to maintain the existing (if antiquated) structure, than to replace it with new technology.

Carbon-based telephone systems are also extremely resistant to damage from high-voltage transients such as those produced by lightning strikes and electromagnetic pulses of the type generated by nuclear explosions, and so are still maintained as backup communication systems in critical military installations.

References

Bibliography

* Josephson, Matthew, "Edison: A Biography", Wiley, 1992, ISBN 0-471-54806-5

External links

[http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/biography/Edison/chap36.html Edison's invention of the carbon (graphite) microphone] by Frank Dyer
* T A Edison, US patent|0474230 "Speaking Telegraph" (graphite microphone), filed April 1877, issued May 1892
* T A Edison, US patent|0203016 "Improvement in Speaking Telephones" (compressed lamp black button insulated from diaphragm), filed March 1878, issued April, 1878
* T A Edison, US patent|0222390 "Carbon Telephone" (carbon granules microphone), filed Nov 1878, issued Dec 1879
* E. Berliner, US patent|0222652 "Improvement in Electrical Contact Telephones" (carbon diaphragm with carbon contact pin), filed August 1879, issued December 16, 1879
* A C White, US patent|0485311 "Telephone" (solid back carbon microphone), filed March 24, 1892, issued November 1, 1892 (Bell engineer)