Bhai Parmanand

Bhai Parmanand (born on 4 November, 1876 - died December 8, 1947) was an Indian nationalist. He has been credited as being the first person to propose setting up a separate Muslim state (i.e. Pakistan). [Cite book |last=Afzal |first=M. Rafique |title=The Case for Pakistan |publisher=National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research |date=1979 |pages=xiii]

Biography

Parmanand was born into a prominent family of the Punjab, descended from the family of the famous Sikh martyr, Bhai Mati Das. [Cite book |title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab |last=Singh |first=Fauja |publisher=Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies |date=1972] His father, Bhai Tara Chand Mohyal, came from Kariala, [Jhelum District] and was an active religious missionary with the Arya Samaj movement, a major Bhai Hindutva icon and one-time President of the Hindu Mahasabha

Following the British announcement of the partition of Bengal in 1905, he demanded that 'the territory beyond Sindh should be united with Afghanistan and North-West Frontier Province into a great Musulman Kingdom. The Hindus of the region should come away, while at the same time the Musulmans in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'. This preceded the Muslim League's Pakistan Resolution by over three decades.

In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with Mahatma Gandhi as a vedic missionary. [Cite web |url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813 Parmanand meets Gandhi |title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1 |accessdate=2008-08-05 |publisher=Hindustan Network] Parmanand visited Guyana in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the Caribbean. [Cite web |url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html Hinduism Here |title=Arya Spiritual Center |publisher=Hinduism Here |accessdate=2008-08-30 |last=Lal |first=Prita |date=2005-05-01] His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited Lala Hardayal when he was on retreat in Martinique. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the Aryan Race. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Honolulu, Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on Waikiki Beach. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the anarchist movement.

Parmanand toured several British colonies in South America before rejoining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the Ghadar Party. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to Portland in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called "Tarikh-I-Hind". He returned to India as part of the Ghadar Conspiracy claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 Ghadarites. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in Peshawar. He was arrested in connection with the First Lahore Conspiracy Case and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the Andaman Islands until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, George V, released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order. [Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 - Return to Inida |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |accessdate=2008-08-05]

In 1930, he was the chair of the Sind Provincial Hindu Conference, where he expressed concern that Muslim creation of Pakistan would divide India. He met Gandhi again in 1933 where he analysed India as being composed of three elements: Hindus, Muslims and the British. He suggested that Gandhi had tried to bring the first two together to drive out the British, but that the British had succeeded in gaining the support of the Muslims. Gandhi replied that he was an optimist, and look forward to the day when Muslims would join with Hindus. Parmanand suggested that only if Hindus organised amongst themselves would Muslims join them as nobody associates with the weak.

Bhai Parmanand died on December 8, 1947 of a heart attack. Bhai Parmanad is survived by his son Dr. Bhai Mahavir, a prominent member of the Jana Sangh and BJP.

An Institute of Business Studies was named after him in New Delhi, a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.

External links

* [http://www.indiaeducation.ernet.in/insitutions/PROFILENEW1.ASP?no=U02045 Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]

References

*"The Story of My Life" by Bhai Parmanand, translated by N. Sundra Iyer and Lal Chand, The Central Hindu Yuvak Sabha, Lahore, 1934