Robert Swinhoe

Robert Swinhoe (September 1, 1836 - October 28, 1877) was an English naturalist.

Swinhoe was born in Calcutta, India. There is no clear record of the date of his arrival in England, but it is known he attended the University of London, and in 1854 joined the China consular corps. He was stationed to the remote port of Amoy, some 300 miles to the northeast of Hong Kong, in 1855. While at this port he mastered not only the Chinese language (both official Mandarin but as well the local Hokkien (Min Nan) dialect) but he also initiated a detailed and authoritative understanding of the ornithology of eastern China. In March, 1856, Swinhoe made an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of NW Formosa on board a lorcha, a hybrid vessel utilizing a European hull and Chinese rigging. Whether this was an official or personal visit is unknown, but he made mention of this on several occasions through the rest of his published career. While at Amoy he courted and married Christina Stronach, the daughter of a Scottish missionary, in 1857. In June and July of 1858 he participated in the circumnavigation of Formosa on board HMS Inflexible in search of British and American castaways. He served as translator as well in two subsequent British actions against the Chinese in North China in 1858 and 1860, the latter resulting in his book, The North China Campaign of 1860 (London, 1861), his personal account of the 'Second' Opium War. In 1860 Swinhoe was named as the first European consular representative to the island of Formosa (Taiwan). Delays prevented him from physically obtaining that post until 1862. Subsequently he served as consul at Amoy, Ningpo, and Chefoo, all on the mainland of China. He at various times during his career served as 'roving consul' for the British plenipotentiary in China for Great Britain, Rutherford Alcock. His duties in this capacity required an exploring visit to the second of China's great islands, Hainan, and as well a journey up the Yangtze River to Chungking, in Szechuan Province, to help determine steamship navigability of that river. All the while he was stationed at those various postings, he retained the Formosan consulship, and indeed did not relinquish it until his retirement from the service of his government, in 1873. He spent his spare time in China collecting natural history specimens, and as the area had not previously been open to westerners many of the items he collected were new to science. As he was primarily an ornithologist many of his new discoveries were birds, but he also found new fish, mammals and insects. He returned to England in 1862 with his collection. Many of the birds were first described in John Gould's "Birds of Asia" (1863). At a young age he had been interested in birds and had made a small collection of British birds, nests and eggs. He corresponded with Henry Stevenson and one of his first publications was in 1858, the year in which Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their paper on natural selection. Swinhoe took to the ideas of Darwin and in 1872 he named a species (now a subspecies) after Darwin ("Pucrasia macrolopha darwini"). He was a regular published in The Ibis after 1860 and later to the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. During his travels he studied the birds and mammals apart from studying the local culture. He collected both live animals and specimens on his travels and regularly sent them to the London Zoo. The first Pere David's Deer in Europe came from him. His primary interest was however in birds and on these he corresponded extensively with Edward Blyth. Around 1871 he started suffering from partial paralysis and he moved to the Chefoo which he called the "Scarborough of China". He was forced by his ill health to leave China in October 1875. From his home in Chelsea he continued to publish notes and his last publication in the Ibis was the description of a new genus and species of bird "Liocichla steerii". He died at the age of 41, presumably of syphilis.
P. L. Sclater described him as "one of the most industrious and successful exploring naturalists that have ever lived" and after his death, A. R. Wallace wrote "due to Mr. Swinhoe's own exertions...there is probably no part of the world (if we except Europe, North America, and British India) of whose warm-blooded vertebrates we possess fuller or more accurate knowledge than we do of the coast districts of China and its islands." His collection of 3700 specimens was bought by Henry Seebohm and this was subsequently bequeathed to the Liverpool Museum. A number of species were named after Swinhoe, including Swinhoe's Storm-petrel, which he first described himself in 1867. His brother Colonel Charles Swinhoe was a founding member of the Bombay Natural History Society in India.

References

* Hall, Philip B. (1987) Robert Swinhoe (1836-1877): A Victorian Naturalist in Treatyport China. The Geographical Journal 153:37-47
* Collar, N J (2004) Robert Swinhoe. Birding Asia 1:49-53

External links

* [http://home.gwi.net/~pineking/RS/MAINLIST.htm The Published Writings of Robert Swinhoe]
* [http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/swinhoebio.html Biography by Samuel Stephenson]