Mechanized corps (Soviet)

A mechanized corps was a Soviet armoured formation used since before the beginning of World War II.

Pre-war development of Soviet mechanized forces

In Soviet Russia, the so-called armored forces ("Bronevyye sily") preceded the mechanized corps. They consisted of the autonomous armored units ("avtobroneotryady") made of armored vehicles and armored trains. The country did not have its own tanks during the Civil War of 1918-1920.

In January 1918, the Russian Red Army established the Soviet of Armored Units ("Sovet bronevykh chastey", or "Tsentrobron’"), later renamed to Central Armored Directorate and then once again to Chief Armored Directorate ("Glavnoye bronevoye upravleniye"). In December 1920, the Red Army received its first light tanks, assembled at the Sormovo Factory. In 1928, it began the production of the MS-1 tanks ("Malyy Soprovozhdeniya 1", 'Small Convoy 1'). In 1929, it established the Central Directorate for Mechanization and Motorization of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army. Tanks became a part of the mechanized corps at this point.

During this time, and based on the experience of the Civil War with its sweeping movements of horse-mobile formations, Soviet military theorists such as Vladimir Triandafillov and Konstantin Kalinovsky elaborated the principles of combat use of armored units, which envisioned a large-scale use of tanks in different situations in cooperation with various army units. In the mid-1930s, these ideas found their reflection in the so called deep operation and deep combat theories. From the second half of the 1920s, tank warfare development took place at Kazan, where the German Reichswehr was allowed to participate.

In 1930, the First Mechanized Brigade had its own tank regiment of 110 tanks. In 1932, the First Mechanized Corps had over 500 tanks, and it was probably the first armoured unit of operational significance anywhere in the world. That same year, the Red Army established the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (today’s Military Academy of Armored Units named after Rodion Malinovsky).

In 1931-1935, the Red Army adopted light, medium, and later heavy tanks of different types. By the beginning of the 1936, it already had four mechanized corps, six separate mechanized brigades, six separate tank regiments, fifteen mechanized regiments within cavalry divisions and considerable number of tank battalions and companies. The creation of mechanized and tank units marked the dawn of a new branch of armed forces, which would be called armored forces. In 1937, the Central Directorate of Mechanization and Motorization was renamed to Directorate of Automated Armored Units ("Avtobronetankovoye upravleniye") and then to Chief Directorate of Automated Armored Units ("Glavnoye avtobronetankovoye upravleniye"), headed by Dmitry Pavlov. Soviet armored units gained some combat experience during the Battle of Lake Khasan (1938), Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) and the Winter War with Finland (1939-1940).

However, experiences in these operations, and also the experiences from the Spanish Civil War, led the Red Army command to the conclusion that the mechanised corps formations were too cumbersome, and a decision was taken to disband them in November 1939, and to distribute their units among infantry. This was a mistake, as the success of German panzer divisions in France had shown, and in late 1940 the decision was reversed. However, there was not enough time before the German attack in June 1941 to reform the mechanised corps units fully and for them to reach their former efficiency [http://books.google.ca/books?vid=ISBN0760313024&id=e-TLx03_eIgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&q=corps&vq=corps&dq=mechanised+corps&sig=32nLTtq24VMzLDzymtlqokKLBKU] [http://books.google.ca/books?vid=ISBN0714652032&id=v-6N4d59HNwC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=mechanised+corps&sig=T8nIfa6QdV0EnDr2N5TqgaQjZgA] .

Besides the operational armoured and mechanized formations, there were independent tank battalions within rifle divisions. These were meant to reinforce rifle units for the purpose of breaching enemy defences. They had to act in co-operation with the infantry without breaking away from it and were called tanks for immediate infantry support ("tanki neposredstvennoy podderzhki pekhoty").

Great Patriotic War

In June 1941 there were twenty-nine mechanized corps in various stages of formation. The plan was for each of them to have about 36,000 men and 1,000 tanks, but only a few approached that strength level by the time war with Germany broke out [http://books.google.ca/books?vid=ISBN0760313024&id=e-TLx03_eIgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&q=corps&vq=corps&dq=mechanised+corps&sig=32nLTtq24VMzLDzymtlqokKLBKU] . During the war against the Axis, all mechanized corps were destroyed during the early phase of the invasion of the Soviet Union, and less than a month after the attack, the Red Army formally abolished the Mechanized Corps as a formation type. Remaining tanks were concentrated in smaller formations that were easier to handle.

In September 1942, the General Headquarters ("STAVKA") authorized the formation of a new type of mechanized corps which was to become the main operational mechanized formation for the remainder of the war. They were about the same size as a German panzer division, and designed as a true combined-arms formation with a good balance of armor, infantry, and artillery. Mechanized corps were not to be used in breakthrough battles, but only in the exploitation phase of an operation. They shared with the new Tank Corps a four manouvre brigade structure - three mechanized brigades and one tank brigade, plus an anti-tank regiment, artillery, and other support units. The new tank corps had three tank brigades and one mechanized brigade. [Keith E. Bonn (ed), Slaughterhouse: Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, 2005, p.428, 430]

A total of thirteen mechanized corps were formed during the war against the Axis nations, nine of them becoming guards mechanized corps. A further corps, the 10th Mechanized Corps, was formed in June 1945 and saw action during Operation August Storm. The 1st, 3rd, and 9th Guards Mechanized Corps were equipped with Lend Lease tanks, Sherman M4A2.

The mechanized corps were converted to mechanized divisions relatively quickly after the war - by 1946 in most cases. [Feskov et al, 2004, p.48]

Composition of a mechanized corps 1940

* 2 Tank Divisions
** 2 Tank Regiments
** Motorized Rifle Regiment
** Motorized Howitzer Regiment
** Division Troops
*** Antiaircraft Battalion
*** Armored Reconnaissance Battalion
*** Truck Battalion
*** Maintenance Battalion
*** Medical Battalion
* 1 Mechanized Division
** 2 Motorized Rifle Regiments
** Light Tank Regiment
** Motorized Artillery Regiment
** Division Troops
*** Antitank Battalion
*** Antiaircraft Battalion
*** Reconnaissance Battalion
*** Truck Battalion
*** Division Trains
**Corps Troops
*** 1 Motorcycle Regiment
*** 1 Signal Battalion
*** 1 Motorized Engineer Battalion
*** 1 Aviation Troop

Total
:1,108 Tanks (420 T-34s, 126 KVs, 560 Light tanks):37,200 personnel:5 Tank Regiments with 20 Tank Battalions:4 Motorized Rifle Regiments with 12 Motorized Rifle Battalions:2 Motorized Artillery/Howitzer Regiments with 4 Artillery Battalions

The formation was seen as very tank-heavy, lacking sufficient infantry or artillery to support the tank formations. The 1942 order of battle was much more flexible.

Composition of a mechanized corps 1944

* 3 Mechanized Brigades
** 1 Tank Regiment
** 3 Motorized Rifle Battalions
** 1 Submachine Gun Company
** 1 Antitank Rifle Company
** 1 Mortar Battalion
** 1 Artillery Battalion
** 1 Anti Aircraft Machine Gun Company
** 1 Pioneer Mine Company
** 1 Trains Company
** 1 Medical Platoon
* 1 Tank Brigade
** 3 Tank Battalions
** 1 Motorized Submachine Gun Battalion
** 1 Anti-aircraft Machine Gun Company
** 1 Trains Company
** 1 Medical Platoon
* 3 Assault Gun Regiments
* 1 Motorcycle Battalion
* 1 Mortar Regiment
* 1 Anti-aircraft Regiment
* 1 Rocket Launcher Battalion

Total [Red Army Handbook, pp. 81, 86, and 89.] ::246 Armored Fighting Vehicles (183 T-34, 21 SU-76, 21 ISU-122, 21 ISU-152):16,438 personnel:3 Tank Regiments and 3 Tank Battalions:9 Motorized Rifle Battalions and 1 Motorized Submachine Gun Battalion:3 Motorized Artillery Battalions

List of Soviet Mechanized Corps

The listing and data here are drawn from Keith E. Bonn, Slaughterhouse: Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005, and V.I. Feskov et al, The Soviet Army during the Period of the Cold War, Tomsk University Press, Tomsk, 2004 (mostly pages 71-75).
*1st Mechanized Corps - formed January 1941, at Pskov in the Leningrad Military District/Soviet Northern Front in June 1941. Disbanded in August. Reformed August 1942. Circa 1946 became 1st Mechanized Division, and after a brief period as 19th Motor Rifle Division in 1965 became 35th Motor Rifle Division. Served much of the Cold War with 20th Guards Army in GSFG.
*2nd Mechanized Corps - 9th Army, Odessa Military District - On June 22, 1941, the 2nd Mech Corps was stationed in the Odessa district near Kisjinov. The corps was lightly involved until about the middle of July, when it was heavily engaged. By 7-8 August, the 2nd Mechanised Corps was totally destroyed. [ [http://rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com/formation/mechcorps/2mk.htm 2nd Mechanised Corps 1941 ] ]
*3rd Mechanised Corps- 11th Army, Baltic Military District June 1941. Reformed Oct 1942 and became 8 GMC Oct 1943.
*4th Mechanised Corps - formed Jan 41 and began war, under command of General Major Andrey Vlasov, with 6th Army, at Lvov in the Kiev Military District. Disbanded August, but reformed in Sept 1942 and became 3rd Guards Mech Corps.
*5th Mechanized Corps - started the war in the Transbaikal Military District. Was with 16th Army on 1 July 1941. Disbanded August 1941, reformed in Nov 1942, and in Sept 1944 converted to 9th Guards Mechanized Corps
*6th Mechanized Corps - formed June 1940 and started war with 10th Army, but disbanded or destroyed by end of July 1941. Reformed Sept 1942, and in January 1943 converted into 5th Guards Mech Corps, which became 5th Guards Mech Division after the war, and after a brief period as 53rd Guards Motor Rifle Division from 1957 to 1965, became 5th Guards MRD and served with 40th Army at Shindand in Afghanistan for some years.
*7th Mechanized Corps - started war in the Moscow Military District, under General Major V.I. Vinogradov. Comprised 14th and 18th Tank Divisions and 1st Motorised Division, plus 9th Motorcycle Regiment. Disbanded August 1941. Reformed August 1943. After the war converted to 7th Mech Div and then 7th MRD with 5th Army in the Far East, but then disbanded in 1958.
*8th Mechanized Corps - July 1940 - August 1941 in Kiev Special MD/Soviet Southwestern Front, reestablished Aug 1943. After war became 8th Mechanized Division, then 28th Tank Division, serving in the Belarussian Military District
*9th Mechanized Corps - formed November 1940. Started Barbarossa with 5th Army; disbanded Aug 1941. Reformed August 1943; assigned to 3rd Guards Tank Army until the end of the war. Took part in the clearing of left and right bank Ukraine, Lvov-Sandomir, Sandomir-Silesia, Lower Silesia, Berlin, and Prague offensives. In 1944 gained the names Zhitomir and Kiev as honorifics. Became 9th Mechanised Division, then 82nd Motor Rifle Division, before being disbanded in 1958 in the GSFG, still with 3 GTA.
*10th Mechanized Corps – acting as Northern Front reserve in 1941 (21st, 24th TDs). [John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, Cassel Military Paperbacks 2003 edition, p.148] Second establishment became 10th Mechanized Division after war, 84th MRD in 1957, 121st MRD in 1965, and finally 121st MRTD in the Far Eastern Military District.
*11th Mechanized Corps - started Barbarossa with 3rd Army. Active Mar-Aug 41, then disbanded.
*12th Mechanized Corps - formed March 1941. Started Barbarossa with 5th Army (Soviet Union; disbanded in August 1941
*13th Mechanized Corps - formed March 1941. Started war with 10th Army in the Western Front. Consisted of 25th and 31st Tank Division and 208th Motorised Division. Disbanded August 1941. This corps should not be confused with 13th Tank Corps, which was reorganised as a mechanised corps without a change of number in November 1942.
*14th Mechanized Corps - activated March 1941. With 4th Army June 1941. Disbanded July.
*15th Mechanized Corps
*16th Mechanized Corps
*17th Mechanized Corps
*18th Mechanized Corps
*19th Mechanized Corps
*20th Mechanized Corps
*21st Mechanized Corps - formed March 1941. Fought in Battle of Raseiniai June 1941. Disbanded Aug 1941.
*22nd Mechanized Corps
*23rd Mechanized Corps
*24th Mechanized Corps - comprised 45th and 49th Tank Divisions & 216th Motorised Division, within the Kiev Special Military District on June 22, 1941.
*20th Mechanized Corps
*26th Mechanized Corps
*27th Mechanized Corps
*28th Mechanized Corps - General Major V.V. Novikov, Transcaucasus Military District
*29th Mechanized Corps - formed March 1941, disbanded 7 May 1941
*30th Mechanized Corps - active March- June 1941 in the Far East Military District
*Soviet 1st Guards Mechanized Corps - formed June 1942
*2nd Guards Mechanized Corps - formed Nov 1942 in Tambov region. Assigned in sequence to the Stalingrad, Southern, 4th, 3rd, and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts. 1945 took part in the Budapest, Bratislava-Brno, Prague, and Vienna operations. Became 2nd Guards Mechanised Division after the war, and then circa 1957 became 19th Guards Tank Division
*3rd Guards Mechanized Corps
*4th Guards Mechanized Corps - circa 1946 4th Guards Mechanized Division; 1957 4th Guards MRD, Turkestan Military District
*5th Guards Mechanized Corps - see 6th Mechanized Corps
*6th Guards Mechanized Corps - 1957: 6th Guards MRD, 1980s: 90th Guards Tank Division
*7th Guards Mechanized Corps
*8th Guards Mechanized Corps - Formed from 3rd Mechanized Corps Oct 1943, after having taken part in the Battle of Kursk. [Bonn, 2005, p.351] From its formation to the end of the war, the Corps served with 1st Guards Tank Army. In 1944, took part in the Battles of Zhitomir-Berdichev, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky, Proskurov-Chernovits, and Lvov-Sandomir. In Apr 1944 awarded 'Carpathian' honorific. In 1945 took part in Warsaw-Poznan, East Pomeranian Offensive, and the Battle of Berlin. Circa 1949, 8th Guards Mechanized Division, 1957: 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division, served with Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army in Group of Soviet Forces in Germany postwar. In 1959, it was transferred to the 18th Guards Army, which had been up to 1957 the 3rd Guards Mechanized Army. In 1968, it took part in the invasion of Czechoslovakia assigned to the 1st Guards Tank Army, when it returned to the GDR, it reverted back to the 18th GA control. [Craig Crofoot, 'Group of Soviet Forces Germany,' manuscript available at www.microarmormayhem.com, 2007] When the 18th Guards Army was disbanded in 1979, the 20th GMRD was transferred to the 1st Guards Tank Army, where it remained since. Although it withdrew from Germany in 1991, it was one of the few Divisions from eastern Europe not to be either disbanded or reorganized. It currently is garrisoned in Volgograd, although elements probably have taken part in the invasions of Chechnya.
*9th Guards Mechanized Corps

References

* [http://www.redarmystudies.net/0411030.htm "Through the Furnace of War"] - Article on the development of Red Army armoured formations
* [http://www.dupuyinstitute.org/ubb/Forum4/HTML/000040.html Dupuy Institute Forum Discussion on Tank/Mech Corps]
* [http://rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com/formation/mk_hist.htm Article on the History of Red Army Mechanized Forces]
* [http://rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com/formation/mechcorps/tablemktankequpment41.htm Tank equipment of 1940-1941 Mech Corps]
* [http://orbat.com/site/ww2/drleo/012_ussr/41_organ/40_mech-corps.html Niehorster listing of Mechanized Corps on 22 June 1941]

Further reading

* Glantz, David, "The Initial Period of War on the Eastern Front, 22 June–August 1941", p. 19
* Page, J. and Bean, Tim, "Russian Tanks of World War II", Zenith Press
* Sharp, Charles, " [http://www.battlefront.com/products/books/nafziger/sovietarmorintro.html Soviet Armor Tactics in World War II: Red Army Armor Tactics from Individual Vehicle to Company from the Combat Regulations of 1944] "
* Sharp, Charles, "Soviet Order of Battle in World War II Vol 1: The Deadly Beginning: Soviet Tank, Mechanized, Motorized Divisions and Tank Brigades of 1940-1942"
* Zaloga, Steven & Ness, Leland "The Red Army Handbook"
* [http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=120872 Axis History Forum discussion on Mech Corps]