- Basic oxygen furnace
A basic oxygen furnace, also known as an "LD converter", is the place within an integrated steel mill where molten iron from the blast furnace is changed into liquid
steel . LD is short for Linz-Donawitz, the names of the two towns inAustria , near the Voest-Alpine steelworks where the process was developed. [McGannon, p 26] The process is known as "basic" due to thepH of the refractories -calcium oxide andmagnesium oxide - that line the vessel. The vast majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace. Modern furnaces will take a charge of iron of up to 350 tons and convert it into steel in less than 40 minutes.High purity
oxygen is blown into the furnace or BOS vessel through a vertically oriented water-cooled lance. [McGannon, p 486] This oxidizescarbon and the other unwanted elements in the hot metal. Carbon is oxidised tocarbon monoxide gas , which passes from the converter to a cleaning plant. After cleaning, it can be re-used as a fuel gas. The rest of the elements in the metal are converted to acidic oxides. They combine with the lime and other fluxes that are added during the blow - mainly to neutralise the acidic oxides and prevent excessive wear of the lining. This produces aslag that floats on the surface of the metal.The steel is tapped from the furnace when it is at the correct temperature and composition. The furnace is tilted and the molten metal is run out via the taphole into a ladle. Once the steel has been removed, the furnace is turned upside down and the slag that is left inside runs into another ladle. The solidified slag can be used in the production of cement and as an aggregate in road building.
The first company in the U.S. to use this type of furnace was
McLouth Steel inTrenton, Michigan .References
McGannon, Harold E. editor (1971). "The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition". Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.
Notes
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