Trams in Germany

Germany has an extensive number of tramway networks (Straßenbahn in German). Some of these networks have been upgraded to light rail standards, called Stadtbahn in German. Straßenbahn and Stadtbahn schemes are usually operated on the legal foundation of the BOStrab, the Tramways Act of Germany.

Stadtbahn

"Main article: Stadtbahn"The Stadtbahn is a concept dating back as far as the late 1940s, when city councils were considering "Unterpflasterstraßenbahn" (lit. below-pavement tramways) as part of rebuilding the city centres devastated by World War II. Some cities, like Hanover, reserved extra wide medians in their city's ring roads, though in most cities these plans never made it past the planning stage. However, seeing the success of the Berlin and Hamburg U-Bahn systems, cities started considering such schemes again in the 1960s and 1970s. Munich and Nuremberg decided to fully abolish their trams and started constructing a full-scale U-Bahn system (although to date, neither of these has abolished their tram system and likely never will) whilst other cities, like Hanover or Stuttgart, went for a scheme of city centre tunnels and special right-of-way arrangements with the prospect of converting their tramway networks to a full-fledged U-Bahn over several decades. By the 1980s, however, virtually all cities had abolished these plans due to the high costs involved with converting the tramways, and the most common Stadtbahn systems now are a mixture of tramway-like operations in suburban and peripheral areas, and a more U-Bahn like mode of operation, featuring tunnel stations, in the city centres.

The Stadtbahn scheme is not to be confused with the S-Bahn, which commonly is a "suburban" railway operating under the Railways Act, while the Stadtbahn typically is an "urban" railway operating under the Tramways Act.

Cities and towns with tramway networks

*Augsburg
*Berlin
*Bielefeld (Stadtbahn)
*Bochum (Stadtbahn)
*Bonn
*Bremen
*Braunschweig
*Chemnitz
*Cologne (Stadtbahn)
*Cottbus
*Darmstadt
*Dresden
*Dortmund (Stadtbahn)
*Duisburg (Stadtbahn)
*Düsseldorf (Stadtbahn)
*Erfurt
*Essen (Stadtbahn)
*Frankfurt am Main
*Frankfurt (Oder)
*Freiburg im Breisgau
*Gelsenkirchen (Stadtbahn)
*Gera
*Görlitz
*Gotha
*Halberstadt
*Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
*Hanover (Stadtbahn)
*Hattingen
*Herne
*Jena
*Karlsruhe (Stadtbahn)
*Kassel (Stadtbahn)
*Krefeld
*Leipzig
*Magdeburg
*Mannheim/Ludwigshafen/Heidelberg
*Mülheim an der Ruhr
*Munich
*Nordhausen
*Nürnberg
*Plauen
*Potsdam
*Rostock
*Saarbrücken (Stadtbahn)
*Schwerin
*Stuttgart (Stadtbahn)
*Ulm
*Witten
*Würzburg
*Zwickau

Cities that have abolished their trams

Abolished due to World War II damage

"This list also includes cities that were on Polish or USSR territory after 1945."
*Emmerich (1903-1944)
*Hanau (1908-1945)
*Hildesheim (1905-1945)
*Küstrin (1927-1945)
*Landshut (1913-1945)
*Tilsit (1900-1944)
*Warnemünde (1910-1944)
*Wilhelmshaven (1913-1945)

Post-1945

* Aachen († September 29 1974)
* Baden-Baden († February 28, 1951)
* Badenweiler († May 22, 1955)
* Bad Kreuznach († January 5, 1953)
* Berlin (West) (June 22, 1865 - October 2, 1967)
* Bingen († October 20, 1955)
* Breckerfeld († November 2, 1963)
* Bremerhaven († July 30, 1982)
* Bückeburg († May 21, 1966)
* Castrop-Rauxel († September 30, 1959)
* Celle († June 2, 1956)
* Detmold († August 15, 1954)
* Dillingen/Saar († May 31, 1957)
* Düren († April 30, 1963)
* Eisenach (August 1, 1897 - December 31, 1975)
* Emden († April 30, 1953)
* Straßenbahn Esslingen - Nellingen - Denkendorf († February 28, 1978)
* Flensburg († June 2, 1973)
* Fürth († June 21, 1981 - replaced by a Subway line)
* Gevelsberg († March 31, 1956)
* Gießen († March 31, 1953)
* Gummersbach († October 4, 1953)
* Hagen († May 29, 1976)
* Hamburg († October 1, 1978 - currently the largest city without trams)
* Hamm († April 2, 1961)
* Hattingen († June 30, 1969)
* Heilbronn († April 1, 1955 - reopened July 21, 2001)
* Herford († April 22, 1966)
* Herne († September 30, 1959)
* Hohenstein-Ernstthal-Oelsnitz (Erzg.) (February 15, 1913 - March 26, 1960)
* Idar-Oberstein († July 29, 1956)
* Iserlohn († December 31, 1959)
* Chemnitz (1953-1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt) (April 22, 1880 - November 6, 1988 - 925 mm gauge only; since May 8, 1960 the tramways run on 1435 mm gauge)
* Kassel, Herkulesbahn († April 12, 1966)
* Kiel († May 4, 1985)
* Kleve († March 31, 1962)
* Klingenthal (May 27, 1917 - April 4, 1964)
* Koblenz († July 19, 1967)
* Kreischa (October 18, 1977)
* Lörrach († August 31, 1967)
* Kreuztal († May 29, 1952)
* Lübeck († November 15, 1959)
* Marburg († May 17, 1951)
* Mettmann († May 17, 1952)
* Minden († December 29, 1959)
* Moers († September 25, 1954)
* Mönchengladbach († March 15, 1969)
* Mühlhausen (December 21, 1898 - June 27, 1969)
* Müllheim († May 22, 1955)
* Münster († November 25, 1954)
* Neunkirchen (Saar) († June 10, 1978)
* Neuss († independent operation on August 7, 1971 - city's territory still served by Rheinbahn lines)
* Neuwied († October 31, 1950)
* Niedersedlitz (October 18, 1977)
* Oberhausen († October 13, 1968 - last line of Vestische Straßenbahnen to Bottrop out of service in 1974; reintroduced tramway service to Mülheim in 1996)
* Offenbach († May 27, 1967, one line remained part of the Frankfurt network until 1996)
* Opladen-Lützenkirchen († July 11, 1955)
*Opladen-Ohligs/Höhscheid († July 10, 1955)
* Osnabrück († May 29, 1960)
* Paderborn († September 27, 1963)
* Pforzheim († October 10, 1964)
* Plettenberg ("Dampfstraßenbahn" † January 1, 1959 (freight traffic until 1962))
*Ravensburg-Weingarten-Baienfurt († February 23, 1959)
* Recklinghausen († December 30, 1982)
* Rees († April 30, 1966)
* Regensburg († August 1, 1964)
* Remscheid († April 10, 1969)
* Reutlingen († October 19, 1974)
* Rheydt († January 31, 1959 (freight traffic until 1964))
* Saarbrücken († May 22, 1965)
* Saarlouis (+ February 28, 1961)
* Schwelm († March 31, 1956)
* Schwetzingen († 1974)
* Siegen († August 31, 1958)
* Siegburg-Troisdorf-Zündorf († August 31, 1965)
* Solingen († November 15, 1959)
* Staßfurt (April 10, 1900 - December 31, 1957)
* Stralsund (March 25, 1900 - April 7, 1966)
* Sylt (+ December 29, 1970)
* Teltow (1891 - November 1, 1961)
* Trier (July 27, 1890 / October 14, 1905 - September 14, 1951)
* Unna-Kamen-Werne († December 15, 1950)
* Völklingen (September 3, 1909 - April 18, 1959)
* Wahn (May 6, 1917 - October 1, 1961)
* Walldorf ( February 22, 1902 / February 22, 1907 - August 1, 1954)
* Wesel († April 30, 1966)
* Wiesbaden († April 30, 1955)
* Elektrische Straßenbahn Heidelberg - Wiesloch († 1973)
* Worms ( December 6/22, 1906 - January 29, 1956)
* Wuppertal († May 30, 1987 (1435 mm gauge)) († July 31, 1970 (1000 mm gauge))

Vehicles

[
Düwag articulated tram car] The most common vehicle type currently in use in Germany is the articulated tram, either in its high floor or low floor variant. Articulated trams are tram cars that consist of several sections held together by flexible joints. Like articulated buses, they have an increased passenger capacity. These trams can be up to forty metres in length, while a regular tram has to be much shorter.

Articulated trams

History

From 1918 on, a few prototypes were built in Germany, for example a trailer car for Dresden in 1918 and two tramcars with Jacobs bogies for Duisburg in 1926. However, interest for these cars was low and the concept of articulation fell into obscurity.

It was only after World War II that articulated cars were manufactured again; the first, small series of GT4 Jacobs bogie cars was deployed for Stuttgart in 1953 by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. From 1956 on, Düsseldorfer Waggonfabrik (Düwag) manufactured large numbers of articulated tram cars for operators in Germany and abroad to replace old pre-war models.

Starting in 1959, Maschinenfabrik Esslingen and Hansawaggon, the latter mainly in Bremen and in Munich, tried to get into the market with their "Kurzgelenkwagen" construction — however, in West Germany their market share remained small compared to the Jacobs bogie cars made by Düwag.The Hansawaggon design was copied later by CKD Tatra, which manufactured large numbers of KT4D tram cars based on this design for use in the GDR.

Apart from the larger series, small numbers of cars were rebuilt for operators with odd requirements, for example the Bremer Straßenbahn AG received a series of 3-axled and Augsburg bought several 5-axled cars.

Kurzgelenkwagen

"Kurzgelenkwagen" is a German term for articulated cars that require exactly one bogie per carbody. Two different models of these have been deployed:

Type Stuttgart

The GT4, developed by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in 1959 for the Stuttgart tramways' steep lines connects the two bogies with a girder. The car bodies support themselves by resting on their bogie and on the girder. [http://www.bahnwahn.de/hallinggt4/Details/GT4_unten.jpg] It therefore is not possible to separate the vehicle's individual cars. 380 cars were built in total, of which 350 were delivered to Stuttgart. Further cars were in use in Freiburg im Breisgau, Reutlingen, Neunkirchen as well as Ulm and Augsburg (which bought them used from Stuttgart), after German reunification used GT4 vehicles were also used in Nordhausen, Halberstadt and Halle.

Type Bremen

The Hansawaggon cars, designed and built for Bremer Straßenbahn AG, rest on the individual carbody's bogie only. The joint is not supported, and sections can be added and removed in the workshop. Hansawaggon delivered articulated power cars and trailers to the tramways of Bremen and Bremerhaven, the Munich-based manufacturer Rathgeber bought these cars under licence for the Munich tramways.

The Czechoslovakian company CKD Tatra developed the KT4D tram car based on the same joint and bogie concept and delivered it in large numbers to the GDR from 1976. These cars, used in East Berlin and a number of other cities, were only manufactured as power cars, however they can run as multiple units.

This concept found another use in three- and four-part low floor trams built since 1989, however a special track layout is necessary for these trams, as they have the tendency to swerve in curves.
MAN and Adtranz delivered these vehicles to Bremen, Berlin and Munich; Düwag built a series of 40 for Frankfurt am Main (Type R).

ee also

*Transportation in Germany
*Rail transport in Germany
*Stadtbahn
*U-Bahn
*Tram
*List of town tramway (urban tramway, streetcar) systems - Europe