Porcia Catonis

Portia Catonis, also known simply as Porcia [Occasionally spelt "Portia" in translations.] (Classical Latin: PORCIA•CATONIS•FILIA, "ca." 70 BC – June 43 BC [ [http://www.uvm.edu/~jbailly/commentaries/letters/ciceroadbrutum1.9.html Cicero ad Brutum I] ] or October 42 BC [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 53.5.] ) was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century BC. She was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis and his first wife Atilia. She is best known for being the second wife of Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins, as well as her suicide, reputedly by swallowing live coals.

Early life

Porcia was born between 73 BC [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 7.3.] [Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 7.4] and 64 BC. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 24.3] She had an affectionate nature, [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.4. "Porcia, being of an affectionate nature... and full of sensible pride."] was addicted to philosophy and was full of an understanding courage. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.4.] Plutarch describes her as being prime of youth and beauty. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 25.3.] When she was still very young, her father divorced her mother for adultery.

At a young age she was married first to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, her father's political ally. This marriage occurred between 58 BC and 53 BC. With him she may have had a son, Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus, [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.3.] although modern historians believe Porcia was too young to have mothered Lucius, and that he was Bibulus' son by his previous marriage, as he was old enough to fight in the battle of Philippi in 42 BC. He died in 32 BC.

A few years later, Quintus Hortensius desired to make an alliance with Cato and asked for Porcia's hand in marriage. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 25.2.] However, Bibulus, who was infatuated with his wife, was unwilling to let her go. Hortensius offered to marry her and then return her to Bibulus once she had given birth to an heir. Such an arrangement was not uncommon at the time. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 25.3] He argued that it was against natural law to keep a girl of Porcia's youth and beauty from producing children for his allies and it impractical for her to overproduce for Bibulus. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 25.3. "According to the opinion of men, he argued, such a course was absurd, but according to the law of nature it was honourable and good for the state that a woman in the prime of youth and beauty should neither quench her productive power and lie idle, nor yet, by bearing more offspring than enough, burden and impoverish a husband who does not want them."] Nonetheless Bibulus refused to divorce her and Cato disliked the idea of marrying his daughter to a man who was four times her age. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 25.3] Instead, Cato divorced his wife, Porcia's stepmother Marcia, and gave her to Hortensius; he re-married her following Hortensius' death. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 26.1] [Appian, "The Civil Wars", Book II, 99.]

In 52 BC, Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars came to an end, but he refused to return to Rome, despite the Senate's demands that he lay down his arms. Cato personally detested Caesar, and was his greatest enemy in the Senate; Cato's political faction, the Optimates (Also known as the Boni), believed that Caesar should return to Rome, in order for the Optimates to strip him of his property and "dignitas", and permanently exile Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, thus declaring war, beginning the Great Roman Civil War. Both Cato and Bibulus allied with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus against Caesar, though both boni hated Pompey, he did not pose the threat to their faction that Caesar did. Bibulus commanded Pompey's navy in the Adriatic Sea. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 54.4.] He captured a part of Caesar's fleet, although this was a generally insignificant as Caesar went on to decisively defeat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus. Bibulus died in 48 BC following Pompey's defeat, leaving Porcia a widow.

In 46 BC, Cato committed suicide following his defeat in the battle of Thapsus while Marcus Cato, Porcia's brother, was pardoned by Caesar and returned to Rome. [Appian, "The Civil Wars", Book II, 100.]

Marriage to Brutus

Following her father's death in June 45 BC, Brutus, Porcia's first cousin, divorced his wife Claudia Pulchra and married Porcia when she was still very young. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.3.] [Cicero, "Brutus", 77. 94] The marriage was scandalous as Brutus did not state any reasons for divorce despite having been married to Claudia for many years. Claudia was very popular for being a woman of great virtue, and was the daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who had been Brutus' ally for many years. [Cicero, "Atticus", 13. 16] She was also related to Pompey by marriage through her younger sister. The divorce was not well received by some including Brutus' mother, Servilia Caepionis [Cicero, "Atticus", 13. 10] who despised her half-brother, and appears to have been jealous of Brutus' affection for Porcia. [Cicero, "Atticus", 13. 22] Therefore, Servilia supported Claudia's interests against those of Porcia. [Middleton, Conyers. "History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The". p 208]

On the other hand, Porcia was highly favoured with the followers of both Pompey and Cato, so the marriage was favoured by people such as Marcus Tullius Cicero and Titus Pomponius Atticus. [Cicero, "Atticus", 13. 9] The marriage was Brutus' way of honouring his uncle. Nonetheless, it appears that Porcia deeply loved Brutus and was utterly devoted to him. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.4.] She resolved not to inquire into Brutus' secrets before she had made this trial of herself and that she would bid defiance to pain. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.4.] She and Brutus had a son, who died in 43 BC.

Brutus attacked Caesar in 44 BC. [Cassius Dio, 44.13.1.] He confided in Porcia of the plot to assassinate Caesar, and some credit her as being the only woman aware of the plot. [Cassius Dio, 44.13.] [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 14.4] Some historians believe Porcia might have been involved in the conspiracy itself. [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 73.4.] Plutarch claims that she happened upon Brutus while he was pondering over what to do about Caesar and asked him what was wrong. When he didn't answer, she suspected that he distrusted her on account of her being a woman, for fear she might reveal something, however unwillingly, under torture. In order to prove herself to him, she secretly inflicted a wound upon her own thigh with a barber's knife to see if she could endure the pain. As a result of the wound, she suffered from violent pains, chills and fever. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.5] Some believe that she endured the pain of her untreated wound for at least a day. As soon as she overcame her pain, she returned to Brutus and said:

: "You, my husband, though you trusted my spirit that it would not betray you, nevertheless were distrustful of my body, and your feeling was but human. But I found that my body also can keep silence... Therefore fear not, but tell me all you are concealing from me, for neither fire, nor lashes, nor goads will force me to divulge a word; I was not born to that extent a woman. Hence, if you still distrust me, it is better for me to die than to live; otherwise let no one think me longer the daughter of Cato or your wife." [Cassius Dio, 44.13.4] [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.7.] [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.8.]

Brutus marveled when he saw the gash on her thigh and after hearing this he no longer hid anything from her, but felt strengthened himself and related to her the whole plot. [Cassius Dio, 44.14.1] Lifting his hands above him, he is said to have prayed that he might succeed in his undertaking and thus show himself a worthy husband. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.11.] On the day of Caesar's assassination, Porcia was extremely disturbed with anxiety and sent messengers to the Senate to check that Brutus was still alive. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 15.6.] She worked herself up to the point where upon her fainting, her maids feared that she was dying. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 13.7.]

When Brutus and the other assassins fled Rome to Athens, it was agreed that Porcia should stay in Italy. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 23.2.] Porcia was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but tried hard to conceal it. However, when she came across a painting depicting the parting of Hector from Andromache in the "Iliad", she burst into tears. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 23.4.] Brutus' friend Acilius heard of this, and quoted Homer where Andromache speaks to Hector:

:"But Hector, you to me are father and are mother too, my brother, and my loving husband true." [Homer, "Iliad", vi.429 f.; 491.]

Brutus smiled, saying he would never say to Porcia what Hector said to Andromache in return ("Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids" [Homer, "Iliad", vi.429 f.; 491. ] ), saying of Porcia:

:"...Though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from doing what only the strength of men can perform, she has a mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the best of us." [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 23.6.]

Death

Porcia's death has been a focus point for many historians and writers. It is believed by a majority of the contemporary historians that Porcia committed suicide in 42 BC, reputedly by swallowing live coals. However modern historians find this tale implausible: it is more likely that Porcia took her life by burning charcoal in an unventilated room, succumbing to carbon monoxide poisoning. [ [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=church&book=cicero&story=cato&PHPSESSID=7450ad8fcc752871fbacf1a3e5b39289 Roman Life in the Days of Cicero, Alfred J. Church] ]

The exact time of her death is unknown. Most historians such as Cassius Dio, Valerius Maximus, Appian and Plutarch all claim that she killed herself after hearing that Brutus had died following the second battle of Philippi. [Cassius Dio, Roman History. 47.49.3.] [Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 5.136.] [Valerius Maximus, De factis mem. iv.6.5.] [Plutarch, "Cato the Younger", 53.5.] However, Nicolaus says it happened before Brutus' death, saying she died following the first battle of Philippi, claiming that she only thought he was dead, and that Brutus wrote a letter to their friends in Rome, blaming them for Porcia's suicide. However, Plutarch dismisses Nicolaus' claims of a letter stating that too much was disclosed in the letter for it to be genuine. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 53.7.]

The claim that her death occurred before that of Brutus is backed up by a letter sent by Cicero. However this letter would have been sent in late June or early July 43 BC, before the battle of Philippi. [Cicero, "Brutus", 1.9] This letter suggests that Porcia did not commit suicide, but died of a lingering illness. Plutarch states that, if the letter was genuine, Brutus lamented her death, and blamed their friends for not looking after her. [Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus", 53.7.] There is a letter to Atticus, which hints at Porcia's illness and compliments him for taking care of her. [Ad Brut. 17, "Valetudinem Porcia meæ tibi curæ esse, non minor"] ["History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero, The". Middleton, Conyers. p 278] Cicero wrote a letter to Brutus, consoling him in his grief. [Cicero, "Brutus", 1.9, saying "You have suffered indeed a great loss (for you have lost that which had not left its fellow on earth), and must be allowed to grieve under so cruel a blow, lest to want all sense of grief should be thought more wretched than grief itself: but do it with moderation, is both useful to others and necessary to yourself."] This is probably the most accurate [Cicero, "Brutus", 1.9. includes a contemporary letter, which Cicero sent to Brutus, consoling him over Porcia's death. As this is addressed to her husband it is fair to assume this is one of the more accurate accounts of Porcia Catonis' death.] account of Porcia's death.

Porcia in popular culture

Literature

Classic

*In Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar", she appears in fictionalised form as Brutus' wife. [Not to be confused with Portia] She makes only two appearances, and her role is the only substantial woman's part in the play. It is reported in the final act that she died by swallowing fire.
*Porcia is also briefly mentioned in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" in regards to the character of her namesake, Portia:

: "In Belmont is a lady richly left;": "And she is fair, and, fairer than that word,": "Of wondrous virtues: sometimes from her eyes": "I did receive fair speechless messages:": "Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued": "To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia." ["The Merchant of Venice". Shakespeare, William. 1.1.161-66]

*In Robert Garnier's play "Porcie", she is the heroine of the play, which describes her suicide. In the play, she is devastated to hear of the death of her husband and kills herself. Her servant announces to the Romans that Porcia died swallowing live coals, before taking her own life with a dagger.

*In "The Purgatory of Suicides" [ [http://www.gerald-massey.org.uk/cooper/c_purgatory_09.htm Thomas Cooper's "The Purgatory of Suicides"] ] by Thomas Cooper, Porcia is one of the suicides spoken of in the poem. Here Porcia's life is compared to the death of Arria, Pœtus' wife. ["Purgatory of Suicides", Book 11. Cooper, Thomas. Page 239. 26. "These, side by side,— Porcia and Arria,—o'er the plain, conversing hied".]

Modern

*In "Masters of Rome", a series of six novels by the Australian writer, Colleen McCullough; she appears as a child in "Caesar's Women", [cite book | last=McCullough |first=Colleen |title=Caesar's Women|publisher=Avon|date=1997-02-01|id = ISBN 978-0380710843] as a teenager in "Caesar" [cite book | last=McCullough |first=Colleen |title=Caesar|publisher=Avon|id = ISBN 978-0099460435] and as a young woman in "The October Horse". [cite book | last=McCullough |first=Colleen |title=The October Horse|id = ISBN 978-0099280521] Porcia is portrayed as being intelligent and affectionate but naïve; as the hardships of her life worsen, she grows very ill. Servilia later writes to Brutus before the battle of Philippi to inform him that Porcia went mad and killed herself by swallowing live coals. However Brutus convinces him that Servilia murdered Porcia by forcing burning coals down her throat. In his sorrow for Porcia's death and hatred for his mother he vows that if he ever sees his mother again he would induce the same gruesome fate on her; he subsequently dies without ever seeing his mother again.

*She appears in "Ides of March", an epistolatory novel by Thornton Wilder, describing the events leading up to the death of Julius Caesar. Porcia is one of the main characters in fourth part of the book. Cicero speaks of her as the only person that Brutus loves. Porcia and Servilia exchange several letters, hinting towards Servilia's dislike of her. Caesar later sends a letter to Porcia informing her that Brutus is returning to Rome, and Porcia replies with a polite thank you; Caesar later confesses to Lucius Mamilius Turrinus (the chief character) that he greatly envies Brutus his marriage to her and often wishes he could have married her himself. [cite book | last=Wilder |first=Thornton |title=The Ides of March|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=2003-09|id = ISBN 978-0060088903]

*She is referenced in "The Stars' Tennis Balls" by Stephen Fry. As part of his revenge, Simon Cotter gives Oliver Delft, the policeman who had him imprisoned, an alternative to being imprisoned himself. The alternative is for Delft to kill himself, with hot coals, as Portia did in Julius Caesar.

Drama

*Porcia has been played in various adaptations of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar". Actresses such as Deborah Kerr, Virginia McKenna and Diana Rigg have played the part in movies and television productions. [ [http://us.imdb.com/Find?select=Characters&for=Portia&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Go Internet Movie Database search on character name Portia] ]

*Porcia appears as a child and as an adult in "Julius Caesar". She is portrayed by Kate Steavenson-Payne as an adult. [imdb title|id=0284741|title=Julius Caesar (2002)(TV).] She is a companion to her cousin Brutus and later becomes his wife. The drama shows her as an unwilling pawn in Caesar's assassination, torn between her husband and her friend, Calpurnia.

Notes

References

Primary sources

*Plutarch, "Marcus Brutus"
*Plutarch, "Cato the Younger"
*Cicero, "Epistulae ad Brutum"
*Cicero, "Epistulae ad Atticum"
*Appian, "The Civil Wars", Book II
*Valerius Maximus, "De factis mem"
*Cassius Dio, "Roman History" 44-47
*Valerius Maximus, "Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.6.5"

econdary sources

* [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=church&book=cicero&story=cato&PHPSESSID=7450ad8fcc752871fbacf1a3e5b39289 "Roman Life in the Days of Cicero", Alfred J. Church]
*"History of the Life of Marcus Tullus Cicero", Conyers Middleton
* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/ "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", William Smith]

External links

* [http://www.uvm.edu/~jbailly/commentaries/letters/ciceroadbrutum1.9.html Cicero: ad Brutum I.9]
* [http://www.gerald-massey.org.uk/cooper/c_purgatory_09.htm The Purgatory of Suicides: Book IX]
* [http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0001:chapter=9 Plutarch's Life of Brutus and the Play of Its Repetitions in Shakespearean Drama]