Bernhard von Bülow

Infobox Chancellor
name=Prince Bernhard von Bülow


order=Chancellor of Germany
term_start =October 16, 1900
term_end =July 16, 1909
monarch = William II
predecessor =Prince Hohenlohe
successor =Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
order2=Minister-President of Prussia
term_start2 =1900
term_end2 =1909
predecessor2 =Prince Hohenlohe
successor2 =Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
order3=State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs of German Empire
term_start3 =1897
term_end3 =1900
Chancellor3 =Prince Hohenlohe
predecessor3 =Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein
successor3 =Oswald Freiherr von Richthofen
order4=Foreign Minister of Prussia
term_start4 =1897
term_end4 =1909
predecessor4 =Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein
successor4 =Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
birth_date =birth date|1849|5|3|mf=y
death_date =death date and age|1929|10|28|1849|5|3|mf=y
birth_place =Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein
death_place =Rome
party=None
alma_mater = University of Lausanne
University of Berlin
University of Leipzig
University of Greifswald

Prince Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow, born Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow (May 3, 1849ndash October 28, 1929) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909.

Family

He was born at Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein, now part of Altona, Hamburg. His great uncle, Heinrich von Bülow, was Prussian ambassador to England from 1827 to 1840, and married a daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt. His father, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow, was a Danish and German statesman. His brother, Major-General Karl Ulrich von Bulow, was a cavalry commander during World War I who took part in the attack on Liège in August 1914.

On the 9th of January 1886, he married Maria Anna Zoe Rosalia Beccadelli di Bologna, Princess Camporeale, whose first marriage with Count Karl von Dönhoff had been dissolved and declared null by the Holy See in 1884. The princess, an accomplished pianist and pupil of Franz Liszt, was a stepdaughter of the Italian statesman Minghetti.

Diplomatic career

Bernhard von Bülow, after serving in the Franco-Prussian War 1870/71, completed his law degree at the University of Greifswald in 1872. Afterwards, he entered first the Prussian Civil Service, and then the diplomatic service. In 1876 he was appointed attaché to the German embassy in Paris, attended the Berlin Congress as a secretary [New International Encyclopedia] and became second secretary to the embassy in 1880. In 1884 he became first secretary to the embassy at St Petersburg, and acted as "chargé d'affaires"; in 1887 he advocated ethnic cleansing of Poles from Polish territories of German Empire in future armed conflict. [" [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3110107767&id=_Rap55ZimykC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA36&printsec=8&dq=ostmarkenverein&sig=IBScuI7AMqXGmfZap9iVXSbh8HA Hostages of Modernization"] , ed. Strauss, 1993 (unverified)] In 1888 he was appointed envoy at Bucharest, and in 1893 to the post of German ambassador at Rome. In 1897, on the retirement of Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein, he was appointed state secretary for foreign affairs (the same office which his father had held) under Prince Hohenlohe, with a seat in the Prussian ministry. As foreign secretary Bülow was chiefly responsible for carrying out the policy of colonial expansion (or "Weltpolitik") with which the emperor had identified himself, and in 1899, on bringing to a successful conclusion the negotiations by which the Caroline Islands were acquired by Germany, he was raised to the rank of Count. On the resignation of Hohenlohe in 1900 he was chosen to succeed him as chancellor of the empire and Prime Minister of Prussia.

Chancellor

His first conspicuous act as chancellor was a masterly defence in the Reichstag of German imperialism in China. Bülow often spent his time defending German foreign policy before the parliament; to say nothing of covering for the many gaffes of Wilhelm II. On June 6 1905 Count Bülow was raised to the rank of prince ("Fürst"), on the occasion of the marriage of the crown prince. The coincidence of this date with the fall of Theophile Delcassé, the French minister for foreign affairs, a triumph for Germany and a humiliation for France, was much commented on at the time; and the elevation of Bismarck to the rank of prince in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles was recalled. Whatever element of truth there may have been in this, however, the significance of the incident was much exaggerated.

On April 5, 1906, while attending a debate in the Reichstag, Prince Bülow was seized with illness, the result of overwork and an attack of influenza, and was carried unconscious from the hall. At first it was thought that the attack would be fatal, and Lord Fitzmaurice in the House of Lords compared the incident with that of the death of Chatham, a compliment much appreciated in Germany. The illness, however, quickly took a favorable turn, and after a month's rest the chancellor was able to resume his duties. In 1907, during the Harden-Moltke scandals, Adolf Brand, the founder of the first homosexual periodical, "Der Eigene", printed a pamphlet which described how Bernhard Prince von Bülow had been blackmailed for his sexuality. Allegedly the Chancellor had kissed and embraced Scheefer at male gatherings hosted by Eulenburg, and thus, being gay, was morally obliged to publicly oppose Paragraph 175, which outlawed homosexuality. In the ensuing libel suit, Bülow was victorious, and Brand received 18 months in prison.The parliamentary skill of Prince Bülow in holding together the heterogeneous elements of which the government majority in the Reichstag was composed, no less than the diplomatic tact with which he from time to time interpreted the imperial indiscretions to the world, was put to a rude test by the famous interview with the German emperor, published in the London Daily Telegraph of October 28, 1908, which aroused universal reprobation in Germany. Prince Bülow assumed the official responsibility, and tendered his resignation to the emperor, which was not accepted; but the chancellor's explanation in the Reichstag on November 10 showed how keenly he felt his position. He declared his conviction that the disastrous results of the interview would induce the emperor in future to observe that strict reserve, even in private conversations, which is equally indispensable in the interest of a uniform policy and for the authority of the crown, adding that, in the contrary case, neither he nor any successor of his could assume the responsibility. It was not the imperial indiscretions, but the effect of his budget proposals in breaking up the Liberal-Conservative bloc, on whose support he depended in the Reichstag, that eventually drove Prince Bülow from office (see German Empire). At the emperors request he remained to pilot the mutilated budget through the House; but on July 14, 1909 the acceptance of his resignation was announced. He was succeeded by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg.

He pursued a policy of aggrandizement in the years preceding World War One.

Further career

From 1914 to 1915 Bülow was ambassador to Italy, but failed to bring her onto the side of Germany, or even to persuade her to maintain her neutrality. He regarded his task as impossible in any case, and on returning remarked: "Morale and attitude of the German people: A-1. Political leadership: Z-Minus." Although many of the leading figures in the Reichstag (including Matthias Erzberger) hoped that Bülow would succeed Bethmann Hollweg upon the latter's dismissal in 1917, the former Chancellor was overlooked. Prince von Bülow died on October 28 1929, a mere day before Black Tuesday.

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References

*1911

External links

* [http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofprincev011742mbp Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.I. In English at archive.org]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofprincev011632mbp Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.II. In English at archive.org]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsofprincev011751mbp Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.IV. In English at archive.org]
*cite book
title=Imperial Germany
author=Bernhard Bülow, Marie A. Lewenz
year=1914
publisher=Dodd, Mead
isbn=
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CuUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=Bernhard+von+B%C3%BClow&as_brr=1

*cite book
title=Fürst Bülows reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik
author=Bernhard Bülow
year=1907
publisher=Reimer
isbn=
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CPoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Bernhard+von+B%C3%BClow&as_brr=1#PPR1,M1