Exergasia

Exergasia (from the Greek εξ, "ex", "out" and εργον, "ergon", "work") is a form of parallelism where one idea is repeated and only the way it is stated is changed.Silva Rhetoricae (2006). [http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/exergasia.htm Exergasia] ] In Latin, exergasia is known as expolitio.Silva Rhetoricae (2006). [http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Figures/E/expolitio.htm Expolitio] ]

History

This device of parallelism was first identified by the twelfth-century Jewish scholars Abraham Ibn Ezra and Joseph Kimhi, who referred to it as "kefel 'inyan be-millot shonot" ("doubling of the thought with other words").Jewish Encyclopedia (2006). [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=67&letter=P Parallelism in Hebrew Poetry] ] The term was next identified by Christian Schoettgen, who wrote "De Exergasia Sacra" ("From sacred exergasia") in 1733.Giving & Sharing Online Library (2006). [http://www.giveshare.org/library/enjoybible/202.htm How to Enjoy the Bible] ] The Bishop Robert Lowth identified specific types of parallelism and further defined the concept in the late eighteenth century.Jewish Encyclopedia (2006). [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=67&letter=P Parallelism in Hebrew Poetry] ]

Definition

Exergasia is used to make a point or bring home a powerful idea. Repetition is a good way of making a point, but without the restatement of the idea it tends to become boring.Illinois Medieval Association (2006). [http://www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol3/3ch12.html The Order of the Texts in the Bodley 34 Manuscript: The Function of Repetition and Recall in a Manuscript Addressed to Nuns] ] As such, it is used by many great writers and orators. Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "I Have a Dream" Speech says

Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy;
now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice;
now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood;
now is the time to make justice a reality for all God’s children.Margaret D. Zulick (2006). [http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/king.html#6.3 Martin Luther King: "I Have a Dream"] ]

The idea of correcting injustice is repeated in all four lines to emphasize this idea.

Shakespeare also utilizes exergasia. In "The Winter's Tale", the character Florizel says

I take thy hand, this hand
As soft as dove's down, and as white as it,
Or Ethiopian's tooth, or the fanned snow that's bolted
By th' northern blasts twice o'er (IV.iv.360-363).Armstrong Atlantic State University (2006). [http://www.nt.armstrong.edu/term3.htm#exergasia Glossary of Rhetorical Terms] ]

Florizel calls the hand white in three different ways: comparing it to dove's down, an Ethiopian's tooth, and snow.

Music

In the sense of music, the concept of exergasia (referred to as expolitio) is used to mean much the same thing as it does in literature. John Irving, in his 1998 book "Mozart: The "Haydn" Quartets", calls expolitio "dwelling on the same topic and yet seeming to say something ever new" (Irving 67).Music Theory Online (2006). [http://mto.societymusictheory.org/issues/mto.00.6.3/mto.00.6.3.agrawal.html Review of John Irving, "Mozart: The "Haydn" Quartets"] ]

References

:Cuddon, J.A., ed. "The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory." 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.:Irving, John. "Mozart: The "Haydn" Quartets." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998:Wells, Stanley, ed. "The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works." 2nd ed. Clarendon Press: New York, 2005.