Marcia (mistress of Commodus)

Marcia Aurelia Ceionia Demetrias, better known as Marcia, was the mistress and one of the assassins of 2nd century AD Roman Emperor Commodus from 182–93. Marcia was the daughter of Marcia Aurelius Sabinianus, a freedwoman of the co-emperor Lucius Verus.^[1][2]

Commodus' favorite mistress

Before Marcia was Commodus' mistress, she was the lover and mistress of one of his cousins, Senator Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus, and subsequently a wife of his servant Eclectus.^[2] However, in 182 CE Lucilla, the sister of Commodus, convinced Marcia to join in a plot with Quadratus to kill Commodus. The plot was discovered and both Lucilla and Quadratus were executed. Marcia managed to escape charges, and after Commodus' wife Bruttia Crispina was exiled and murdered due to adultery, Commodus chose not to marry again and took Marcia as his concubine.^[3]

Marcia was most likely Christian and persuaded Commodus to adopt a policy in favor of Christians, and kept close relations with Victor, Bishop of Rome.^[2] After Pope Victor I gave her a list she had asked for including all of the Christians sentenced to mine works in Sardinia, she convinced Commodus to allow them to return to Rome.^[2][4] Despite the fact that Marcia was not Commodus' legal wife, he treated her like one and was thus greatly influenced by her. The inscription found in Anagnia testifies that the local city council decided to build a monument, commemorating particularly the restoration of baths on her account.^[2]

Assassination of Commodus

To celebrate the Roman New Year in 192 CE, Commodus decided he wanted to make an appearance before the Roman people not from the palace in traditional purple robes, but from the gladiator's barracks, escorted by the rest of the gladiators. After telling his plan to Marcia the night before, she begged him not to behave so carelessly and bring disgrace to the Roman Empire. Commodus, upset by Marcia's reaction, then told his plan to Aemilius Laetus, the Praetorian Prefect, and Eclectus, his servant. After they, too, tried to dissuade him, he became furious and put their three names on a proscribed list of people to be executed the next morning, including names of prominent senators.^[2]

While Commodus was taking a bath, his favorite servant boy Philcommodus (whose name is a symbol of Commodus' fondness for the boy) found the tablet on which the list was written and ran into Marcia while he was holding the tablet.^[5][2] Marcia took it from him, thinking she was protecting a document from potentially being ruined, and in horror saw her name at the top of the list. According to Herodian, she cried out, "Well done, indeed, Commodus. This is fine return for the kindness and affection I have lavished on you and for the drunken insults which I have endured from you all these years. A fuddled drunkard is not going to get the better of a sober woman".^[2][6]

She then gathered Praetorian prefect Laetus and Eclectus, Commodus' chamberlain, and the three of them decided they had to kill Commodus in order to save their own lives. Usually Marcia would give the emperor his first drink after his bath so he could have the pleasure of drinking from his lover's hand. It was easy, then, for her to mix poison into the wine she gave to Commodus after his bath. After drinking the wine, he became so ill that his vomiting would not cease. The three conspirators were afraid he would expel all the poison, so they ordered Narcissus, a young athlete, to strangle Commodus for a large reward.

After Commodus was murdered, Marcia and Eclectus were married, but she was soon after killed by Didius Julianus in 193 CE.^[2][7]

References

Primary sources

• Cassius Dio, Roman history, The Loeb classical library; 454-455. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961/69, p. 73f., 6-7. ISBN 0674990366.
• Herodian, The Loeb classical library; 454-455. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, [1969/70, 16.2-3 to 17.9-11. ISBN 0674995015.

Secondary sources

• Champlin, Edward (Summer 1979). Notes on the Heirs of Commodus. The American Journal of Philology 100: 288-306.
• Gage, J. Revue des etudes latines. Paris, France: Societe d'edition "Les belles lettres", 1923.
• Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth. The Oxford classical dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 922. 
• Lightman, Marjorie and Benjamin Lightman. Biographical dictionary of ancient Greek and Roman women: notable women from Sappho to Helena. New York: Facts On File, 2000. Page 157.
• Roos, A.G. (1915). Herodian's Method of Composition. The Journal of Roman Studies 5: 191-202.
• Salisbury, Joyce E. Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world. Santa Barbara, California: Abc-Clio, 2001. Pages 205-207.

Notes

1. ^ Lightman, Marjorie and Benjamin Lightman. Biographical dictionary of ancient Greek and Roman women: notable women from Sappho to Helena. New York: Facts On File, 2000, p. 157.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Krawczuk, Aleksander. Poczet cesarzowych Rzymu. Warszawa: Iskry. ISBN 83-244-0021-4. 
3. ^ Salisbury, Joyce E. Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2001, pp. 205–07.
4. ^ Lightman
5. ^ Herodian. "1". Herodian. The Loeb classical library; 454–55. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 16.2–3 to 17.9–11. ISBN 0674995015. 
6. ^ Herodian
7. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 922.