Harry T. Hays

Infobox Military Person
name= Harry Thompson Hays
lived= April 14, 1820 – August 21, 1876


caption= Harry Thompson Hays
photo taken between 1862 and 1865
nickname=
placeofbirth= Wilson County, Tennessee
placeofdeath= New Orleans, Louisiana
allegiance= United States of America Confederate States of America
branch= U.S. Army
Confederate Army
serviceyears= 1846–48 (USA)
1861–65 (CSA)
rank= First Lieutenant (USA)
Brigadier General (CSA)
unit=
commands= "Louisiana Tigers" Brigade
battles= Mexican-American War
American Civil War
*First Battle of Bull Run
*Battle of Port Republic
*Battle of Antietam
*Battle of Fredericksburg
*Battle of Chancellorsville
*Battle of Gettysburg
*Battle of the Wilderness
*Battle of Spotsylvania
awards=
relations=
laterwork=

Harry Thompson Hays (April 14, 1820 – August 21, 1876) was an American Army officer serving in the Mexican-American War and a general who served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Known as the "Louisiana Tigers", his brigade played a major role during the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where they ascended Culp's Hill in the darkness and overran several artillery batteries before finally being driven off for lack of support.

Early life and career

Harry Thompson Hays was born in Wilson County, Tennessee. Following the deaths of his parents, he was reared by an uncle in Wilkinson County, Mississippi. He attended St. Mary’s College in Baltimore, Maryland, and studied law. Hays soon established a prominent law practice in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Hays saw his first military service during the Mexican-American War, serving in the 5th Louisiana Cavalry. Returning to Louisiana, Hays became active in politics as a Whig and served as a Presidential Elector supporting Winfield Scott in 1852. His brother was the famous Texas Ranger John Coffee Hays.

Civil War

In 1861, Hays entered the Confederate Army as colonel of the 7th Louisiana Infantry. Showing his attitude toward Northerners, Hays made the rouge's march of his regiment "Yankee Doodle," stating that "More rascals have marched to that tune in one day than to any other." After fighting at the First Battle of Bull Run and Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, he suffered a severe wound at Port Republic.

Recovering from his injury, Hays was promoted to brigadier general on July 25, 1862 and assigned command of the First Louisiana Brigade, replacing Richard Taylor who had been promoted to major general and sent to the Western Theater.Eicher, p. 290.] This brigade was known as the "Louisiana Tigers," having taken the name from the original brigade commanded by Roberdeau Wheat. Hays lost half of his unit a few months later at the Battle of Antietam. Despite reduced numbers, he continued to lead his brigade at Fredericksburg in December 1862 and Chancellorsville in May 1863.

At the Gettysburg in July 1863, after he had garrisoned the town, he directed his troops in a twilight assault on Culp's Hill. The brigade stubbornly fought their way up the steep slope, and for a brief period of time held several Union guns there. However, as General Hays looked rearward, he was dismayed to see that no additional troops had been sent to his support. Reluctantly, and with casualties mounting, he ordered the remnant of his brigade to retire in the gathering darkness just as Federal reinforcements arrived to secure the heights. [Vertical files, Library of the Gettysburg National Military Park.]

Hays was briefly captured in November 1863, at Rappahannock Station but escaped. In fierce fighting at the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5, he lost a third of his remaining men. Five days later, he was badly wounded by a shell fragment at Spotsylvania. He never again served in the Army of Northern Virginia. Upon his recovery, he was transferred to the Trans-Mississippi, then was assigned command in Louisiana.

On May 10, 1865, Hays was promoted to major general by his superior, General Edmund Kirby Smith, but with the demise of the Confederacy, this promotion never was formally approved by Confederate President Jefferson Davis or the Confederate Congress. [Eicher, pp. 290-1. "appointed Maj. Gen. C.S.A., 10 May 1865, by Edmund K. Smith, Series of 1865, General Orders No. 44, but was never commissioned."]

Postbellum career

After the war, Hays went back to New Orleans, where, after receiving a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, he served as sheriff of Orleans Parish for a year. He played a prominent role in the July 1866 New Orleans Race Riot, at one time deputizing nearly two hundred of his former soldiers who were now members of the "Hays Brigade Relief Society." Hays was removed from office in November by the Federal Government at the insistence of influential former Union general Philip H. Sheridan. General James Longstreet arrived in the city at the head of Black troops to enforce this ruling.

Hays was a Freemason, receiving his degrees in Louisiana Lodge #102 in New Orleans. [Jeffers, 74.] He then returned to his law practice until this death at age 56 of Bright's disease. Hays is buried in Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 in Washington Avenue Cemetery in New Orleans.Eicher, p. 291.]

References

* Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., "Civil War High Commands", Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
* Jeffers, H. Paul, "The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society", Citadel Press, 2006. ISBN 0806527846.
* Warner, Ezra J., "Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders", Louisiana State University Press, 1959, ISBN 0-8071-0823-5.
* Files of the Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Notes