The Scholars (Chinese novel)

"The Scholars" (Traditional Chinese: 儒林外史 pinyin: rú lín wài shǐ; lit. "The Unofficial History of the Forest (ie. World) of the Literati") is a Chinese novel of the Qing Dynasty, authored by Wu Jingzi (吳敬梓) and completed in 1750.

Set in the Ming period, the novel describes and often satirizes Chinese scholars in a vernacular Chinese idiom, although in a style that is more highbrow than the other famous vernacular novels. The first and last chapters portray recluses, but most of the loosely-connected stories that form the bulk of the novel are didactic and satiric stories, on the one hand holding up exemplary Confucian behavior, but on the other ridiculing over-ambitious scholars and criticizing the civil service examination system.

Promoting naturalistic attitudes over belief in the supernatural, the author rejects the popular belief in retribution: his bad characters suffer no punishment. The characters in these stories are intellectuals, perhaps based on the author's friends and contemporaries. Wu also portrays women sympathetically: the chief character Du treats his wife as a companion instead of as an inferior. Although it is a satiric novel, a major incident in the novel is Du's attempt to renovate his family's ancestral temple, suggesting the author shared with Du a belief in the importance of Confucianism.

Analysis

tructure

Chinese commentators have traditionally seen The Scholars as having a loose structure. The famous author Lu Xun wrote that "the novel has no central linking element" and is more like "a group of short stories". Hu Shi echoed this view, writing that the novel "lacks a general structural basis". The same opinion has been put forth by Western scholars. James R. Hightower described the work as "amorphous and plotless". However, more recent scholarship by Zbigniew Slupski detects organization in The Scholars on three levels. The first is the anecdotal level, in which the work can be divided into various "units" centered around a comical fact or occurrence. The second level is that of biography, in which the author constructs a multifaceted view of main characters in the work. An example is the portrayal of Zhou Jin, the elderly examination candidate. The final level is that of autobiography, the author's attitude toward the events of the story. This is revealed in chapter titles, poems, and occasional narrative interludes.cite journal|last=Slupski|first=Zbigniew|date=Jun., 1989|title=Three Levels of Composition of the Rulin Waishi|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|volume=49|issue=1|pages=5-53|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2719297|accessdate=2008-07-09]

Chapter 37

Chapter 37 of the novel depicts in great detail a Confucian ceremony honoring a Confucian sage of antiquity, Wu Taibo. Both modern and Qing Dynasty commentators have noted that this chapter constitutes the "high point" and "structural apex" of the novel. However, modern critics have described the chapter as anticlimactic and boring. Wei Shang believes that the chapter points to Wu Jingzi's simultaneous desire to follow Confucian ritual and his need to critique it.cite journal|last=Shang|first=Wei|date=Dec., 1998|title=Ritual, Ritual Manuals, and the Crisis of the Confucian World: An Interpretation of Rulin waishi|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|publisher=Harvard-Yenching Institute|volume=58|issue=2|pages=373-377|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2652665|accessdate=2008-07-08]

Translations

* "The Scholars" (tr. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang) HC ISBN 0-231-08153-7 PB ISBN 0-231-08153-7

References

External links

* [http://www.munseys.com/book/18876/Scholars,_The The Scholars] - various formats available
*gutenberg|no=24032|name=Ru Lin Wai Shi zh icon