History of Seattle 1900–1940

Leader of the Northwest: 1900 to 1915

The gold rush "(see History of Seattle before 1900)" led to massive immigration, with major arrivals of Japanese, and Filipinos; immigrant Europeans and European-Americans from back east included the city's first significant influx of Jews.

Many of Seattle's neighborhoods got their start around this time. At first, the city grew mainly along the water to the north and south of downtown to avoid steep grades. However, the new rich soon developed the land on First Hill that overlooks downtown "because it was close to downtown without being a part of it, and because it occupied a commanding position." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=58]

Downtown Seattle was bustling with activity; as quickly as previous inhabitants moved out to newly created neighborhoods, new immigrants came in to take their place in the city core.

The last great manhunt of the Wild West was the search for Harry Tracy in Seattle in 1902.

Construction on the Smith Tower was completed in 1914. It was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River from its completion in 1914 until the Space Needle overtook it in 1962. It remained the tallest office building west of the Mississippi River until the Humble Building (now Exxon Building) was built in 1963.

Following the vision of city engineer R.H. Thompson, who had already played a key role in the development of municipal utilities, a massive effort was made to level the extreme hills that rose south and north of the bustling city. From 1900 to 1914 the Denny Regrade to the north and the Jackson Regrade to the south leveled more than convert|120|ft|m of Denny Hill and parts of First and Beacon Hills. The Denny Regrade continued in spurts until 1930. Dirt from the Jackson Regrade filled in the swampy tidelands that are now occupied by the SoDo neighborhood as well as Safeco Field and Qwest Field. A seawall containing dirt from the Denny Regrade created the current waterfront. More dirt from the Denny Regrade went to build the industrial Harbor Island at the mouth of the Duwamish River, south of Downtown.

The Denny Regrade wasn't the only radical reshaping of Seattle's topography in this period. The 1911–1917 construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal included two major "cuts" (the Montlake Cut and the Fremont Cut, four bascule bridges, and the Government Locks (now Hiram M. Chittenden Locks). The level of Lake Washington dropped; the Black River, which formerly ran out of the south end of the lake, dried up completely, and Seward Island became the Seward Peninsula, now the site of Seward Park. [Harvnb|Crowley|1999] [Harvnb|Lange|2000]

After the obvious geographical expansion from downtown, "other neighborhoods… [came] … into existence… [as] … the result of streetcar lines moving north and east from downtown and providing opportunities for settling that were obviously attractive to all but the poorest." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=59] Several lines, running to most of central Seattle's modern neighborhoods, created the communities of Capitol Hill, Queen Anne, Madrona, Madison Park, and Leschi. All of the expansion was happening without zoning, leading to "different land uses and economic classes everywhere [being] mixed." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=62]

At the same time as the city was expanding dramatically, the city planners began to put in parks. "Four million dollars worth of bonds were sold between 1905 and 1912 to develop the parks and build the boulevards designed by the Olmsteds to connect them." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=82] Almost all of Seattle's large parks were constructed during this period: Woodland Park (which includes the Woodland Park Zoo), Volunteer Park, Green Lake, Washington Park (now the site of the University of Washington Arboretum), Ravenna Park, Leschi Park, Seward Park. The Olmsted plan for boulevards was carried out nearly in full. The form of the plan was "a winding parkway of about convert|20|mi|km which would link most of the existing and planned parks and greenbelts within the city limits." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=83] Then, as now, no main park or particular area of Seattle that stood out above the rest. Much of the ambiance of Seattle derives from the fact that whole of the city (with the notable exception of the industrial area in the center of the city, south of downtown, and extending to South Park and Boeing Field; and to a lesser extent, downtown itself) is filled with small parks, hills, and lakes.

World War I and the Bogue Plan: 1914–1920

In 1910, Seattle voters approved a referendum to create a development plan for the whole city. However, the result, known as the Bogue plan, was never to be implemented.

Virgil Bogue had worked for Olmsted and was intimately familiar with the land in Seattle. The Bogue plan had at its heart a grand civic center in Belltown and the Denny Regrade connected to the rest of the city by a rapid transit rail system, with a huge expansion of the park system, crowned by the total conversion of convert|4000|acre|km2|adj=on Mercer Island into parkland. Striking in Bogue's plan is his grasp of the consequences of growth; he foresaw that the city's residents would eventually number in the millions and that such a grand park or efficient transit system could put in place early in the development at much lower cost.

However, the Bogue plan was defeated by an alliance of fiscal conservatives who opposed such a grandiose plan on general principles and populists who argued that the plan would mainly benefit the rich: for example, the proposed massive Mercer Island park could, at that time, only be reached by boat. The Bogue plan sat on the shelf, never to be used. Ultimately, a few of the sites proposed for public parks were developed as such; more became private golf courses and such. The rail system was never built, and Mercer Island is now an upper middle class suburb, connected to the city by an Interstate Highway floating bridge.

At the same time as the government stopped investing for the future, private enterprise also began to stiffen. The war hid this, because it "boomed and expanded Seattle's economy phenomenally, but in false ways." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=104] The growth in the size of the economy was unprecedented, increasing nearly tenfold. However, it was almost all in wartime shipbuilding and lumber, and there was very little growth in new industries.

eattle between the Wars

When the war ended, so did Seattle's prosperity. Economic output crashed as the government stopped buying boats, and there were no new industries to pick up the slack. Seattle stopped being a place of explosive growth and opportunity. Western Washington was a center of radical labor agitation. Most dramatically, a general strike occurred in 1919, fomented in large measure by members of the Industrial Workers of the World. Things picked up in the late 1920s, but then came the Great Depression. Times were rough all over the country, but Seattle was hit particularly hard because the manufacturing industries had been crowded out by the war. For example, Seattle issued 2,538 permits for housing construction in 1930, but only 361 in 1932. [Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan, [http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/ContextQueenAnneStatement2005.pdf Queen Anne Historic Context Statement] , prepared for the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, Historic Preservation Program and the Queen Anne Historical Society, October 2005, p. 21. Accessed online 24 July 2008.]

Seattle saw some of the country's harshest labor strife of the Depresson. During the Maritime Strike of 1934, striking longshoremen faced off with police and strikebreakers in a series of daily skirmishes that became known as the "The Battle of Smith Cove". As a result of the violence of the strike, Seattle lost much of its maritime traffic to the Port of Los Angeles. [BOLA Architecture + Planning & Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., [http://www.portseattle.org/downloads/business/realestate/development/northbay/Appendix_I_Historic_Cultural.pdf Port of Seattle North Bay Project DEIS: Historic and Cultural Resources] , Port of Seattle, April 5, 2005, p. 12-13 (which is p. 14-15 of the PDF). Accessed online 25 July 2008.] This was followed by the temporary ascendancy of the New Order of Cincinnatus, a "conservative and moralistic reform group"Kit Oldham, [http://www.washington.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5634 Langlie, Arthur B. (1900-1966)] , HistoryLink, January 11, 2004. Accessed online 9 August 2008.] that challenged both the Democratic and Republican parties, [Harvnb|Berner|1992|p=330] and was widely accused of "fascist" or "proto-fascist" tendencies. [Harvnb|Berner|1992|p=330, 350, 354-355]

Despite this, and despite enormous police corruption, [Harvnb|Berner|1992|p=351-352] Roger Sale argues that the Seattle between the wars was a pretty nice place to live, especially to grow up in. The city was still full of single-family wood houses and parks from the Olmstead development, but because of the crash they were affordable—at least to those who still had jobs. Seattle between the wars, writes Sale "is what suburbs try to be, but never achieve because they cannot stand things so jammed together, all for a family whose income could be well under two thousand dollars a year." [Harvnb|Sale|1976|p=141] Seattle settled down into a kind of stasis between the wars, as growth subsided while those who lived in the city stayed.

Notes

References

Much of the content of this page is from ; Shear has granted blanket permission for material from that paper to be reused in Wikipedia.

* Citation
last =Berner
first =Richard C.
date =1992
year =1992
title =Seattle 1921-1940: From Boom to Bust
series =Seattle in the 20th Century
publication-place =Seattle
publisher =Charles Press
isbn =096298891X
* Citation
last = Crowley
first = Walt
author-link = Walt Crowley
date =1999-07-01
year =1999
title = Lake Washington Ship Canal -- A Snapshot History
publisher = HistoryLink
url = http://www.historylink.org/output.cfm?file_id=1444
accessdate = 2006-03-11.
*Citation
last = Jones
first = Nard
author-link = Nard Jones
date =1972
year =1972
title = Seattle
publication-place =Garden City, New York
place =Garden City, New York
publisher = Doubleday and Co.
isbn =ISBN 0385018754
* Citation
last = Lange
first = Greg
date =2000-08-25
year =2000
title = Black River disappears in July 1916
publisher = HistoryLink
url = http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2624
accessdate = 2006-03-11.
*Citation
last = Sale
first = Roger
date =1976
year =1976
title = Seattle: Past To Present
publication-place = Seattle and London
place = Seattle and London
publisher =University of Washington Press
isbn = 029595521X

External links

* [http://www.historylink.org HistoryLink] provides an unparalleled collection of articles on Seattle and Washington State history.
* [http://www.smithtower.com/History.html History of the Smith Tower]
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/ University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections] :
** [http://content.lib.washington.edu/leeweb/index.html James Patrick Lee Photographs] 270 photographs of Seattle, ca. 1904-1940, depicting regrading projects, municipal services, and local neighborhood architecture, as well as scenes from the Great Depression including "Hooverville" and labor rallies of the unemployed.
** [http://content.lib.washington.edu/seattleweb/index.html Seattle Photographs] Ongoing database of over 1,700 historical photographs of Seattle with special emphasis on images depicting neighborhoods, recreational activities including baseball, the Great Seattle Fire of 1889, "The Great Snow of 1916", theaters and transportation.
** [http://content.lib.washington.edu/toddweb/index.html Calvin F. Todd Photographs] Collection includes images from 1905-1930 of the University of Washington campus and scenes from Seattle including the waterfront, various buildings especially apartments, regrading activities, and the Pike Place Market.
** [http://content.lib.washington.edu/warnerweb/index.html Arthur Churchill Warner Photographs] Images by the pioneer photographer A.C. Warner from the late 1800s and early 1900s of Seattle conventional street scenes, waterfront activity, city parks and regrading of downtown.