Project Excalibur

Project Excalibur was a United States government nuclear weapons research program. Conceived by Edward Teller, the concept involved packing large numbers of expendable x-ray lasers into a nuclear bomb. When it detonated, the bomb would fire laser beams in many directions. The intention was to shoot down enemy nuclear missiles.

The plan was to place the whole apparatus on a satellite in orbit. It would have actually required many satellites in orbit, since there needed to be at least one between the U.S. and its enemies when a massive launch of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) occurred. The Soviet Union was the only foe technologically able to accomplish a massive simultaneous launch.

The x-ray laser gain media would be pumped by the extremely high density of high energy photons that appear in the first nanoseconds of a nuclear detonation. During these nanoseconds, the photon density is nearly as high as in regular matter. The calculations showed that the extremely high gain and high energy pulse discharge from the lasers would occur before the detonation destroyed the lasers and the rest of the satellite. If the lasers had be pre-aligned to point at the missiles, then a large number of the missiles could be destroyed in one fell swoop.

The project was proposed as a solution to the vexing problem: if a large nearly simultaneous launch of ICBMs occurred, the Space Based Laser could not destroy them all, since it was designed to fire upon one at a time. It was also felt that the large optics of the SBL could not be re-positioned to point from one missile to the next quickly enough. A considerable amount of research went into rapidly re-targeting the Space Based Laser so that many missiles could be destroyed in time to deal with the massive attack. However, it remained out of reach, giving rise to the Excalibur approach, which was viewed as something of a desperate approach even by those who worked on the project.

The project was abandoned in the 1980s when it was determined to be out of reach of current technology. Since then, its main influence has been its appearances in science fiction. Research was redirected to laser satellites and kinetic weapons under the Strategic Defense Initiative.

See also

* Directed-energy weapon

Further reading

* American Physical Society. Study Group on Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons. "Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons/ Report of the American Physical Society Study Group.". New York: American Physical Society, 1987.

* [http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8502_n.html "Anti-Satellite Weapons, Countermeasures and Arms Control"] . Washington, D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, September 1985. OTA-ISC-285.

* [http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1985/8504_n.html "Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies"] . Washington, D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, September 1985. OTA-ISC-254.

* Bloembergen, N., C. K. Patel, P. Avizonis, R. G. Clem, A. Hertzberg, T. H. Johnson, T. Marshall, R. B. Miller, W. E. Morrow, E. E. Salpeter, A. M. Sessler, J. D. Sullivan, J. C. Wyant, A. Yariv, R. N. Zare, A. J. Glass, L. C. Hebel, G. E. Pake, M. M. May, W. K. Panofsky, A. L. Schawlow, C. H. Townes, and H. York APS Study Group Participants, APS Council Review Committee. [http://prola.aps.org/toc/RMP/v59/i3 "Report to The American Physical Society of the Study Group on Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons"] . "Reviews of Modern Physics" 59, no. 3 (July 1987): S1–S201.

* Carter, Ashton B. [http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1984/8410_n.html "Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space"] . Washington, D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, April 1984. OTA-BP-ISC-26.

* Goodchild, Peter. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2004/apr/01/science.research1 "Meet the real Dr Strangelove"] . "The Guardian", April 1 2004. Accessed 8 October 2008.

* Hecht, Jeff. "Beam Weapons: The Next Arms Race". New York: Plenum Press, 1984. ISBN 0306415461.

* Perlman, David. [http://books.google.com/books?id=OHI7E57xOskC&pg=PA255 "The Dilemmas of Decision-Making from AIDS to SDI"] . In Golden, William T., "Science and Technology Advice to the President, Congress, and Judiciary", 2nd ed. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers, 1995, pp. 255–261. ISBN 1560008296. Accessed 8 October 2008.

* Ritson, David M. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v328/n6130/abs/328487a0.html "The Nuclear-Pumped X-ray Laser, a Weapon for the Twenty-first Century"] . "Nature" 328, 487–490 (7 August 1987). DOI: 10.1038/328487a0.

* Thomsen, Dietrich E. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_/ai_4060251 "Strategic defense of X-ray initiative - X-ray laser research"] . "Science News", December 14, 1985. Accessed 8 October 2008.