Fluid Drive

Fluid Drive is the trademarked name that Chrysler Corporation assigned to a transmission driveline combination offered from 1939 through 1953 in Chryslers and Desotos, and from 1939 through 1954 in Dodge models. The fluid drive element was a hydraulic coupling inserted in place of the flywheel, and performed the same function as a modern torque converter, only without torque multiplication. A conventional clutch and three-speed manual transmission was installed behind the fluid coupling.

History

The fluid coupling and torque converter was invented by the German engineer Foettinger in the early 1900’s. For non-marine applications he licensed the development of the fluid coupling to the British engineer Harold Sinclair and his Fluidrive Engineering Co Ltd (now part of Voith AG). Following the development of the fluid coupling, Sinclair in turn licensed the fluid coupling, now also known as ‘Fluidrive Coupling’ to many companies including the Chrysler Corporation. Many automobile historians confuse Chrysler’s Fluid Drive with the Corporation’s so-called semi-automatic M6 transmission, which was marketed under various names as “Simplimatic” (Chrysler), “Tip-Toe Shift” (DeSoto), and “Gyro-Matic” (Dodge). Unfortunately, Chrysler itself contributed to the confusion by referring to both the standard-shift fluid drive and M6 installations indiscriminately as "Fluid Drive" in much of their marketing and sales literature.

Configuration

The standard Fluid Drive configuration consisted of the fluid coupling and a manual clutch in tandem. The transmission was not automatic in any way; the driver shifted manually, selecting reverse or a low range and a high range. Each ‘range’ had two speeds. To shift between them, the driver accelerated then released pressure on the accelerator. In high range this shift point was about 23mph (37kmh). The transmission shifted into high speed range, the driver then depressed the accelerator pedal, and continued accelerating. The solenoids on the transmission connected to the carburetor and ignition system and momentarily interrupted engine operation to allow trouble free shifting.

The driver could down-shift for passing by fully depressing the accelerator. The clutch was needed to change between low and high range. The fluid drive system allowed the driver to stop at a light or in traffic and remain in gear without depressing the clutch. The driver could, if not concerned with fast acceleration, drive the car all day long in high range, stopping and starting, without ever having to touch the clutch pedal or gearshift lever unless faster acceleration or reversing was required. For this reason DeSotos and Dodges were favored by city cab companies from the mid Forties to early Fifties. A Fluid Drive Dodge was far cheaper than a Hydramatic-equipped Pontiac, and had the effect of making city taxi-driving far easier.

M4 and M6 transmissions

:"Main articles: Vacamatic and Presto-Matic"The fluid drive fluid coupling was also used in conjunction with Chrysler’s M6 Presto-Matic semi-automatic transmissions. The M6 was in reality a two-speed manual transmission with a conventional clutch mounted behind the same fluid coupling unit that was installed in straight Fluid Drive cars.

The M4 Vacamatic had two speeds in Reverse. There was a manual Pull-Cable to lock out the underdrive in the early models.From 1949-1952, Dodge models with the conventional 3-speed Fluid Drive carried front fender emblems that said “Fluid Drive.” The M6 Models had emblems that proudly proclaimed “Gyromatic.”

In the 1941 brochure for Chrysler automobiles, a silhouette of the car's drivetrain was depicted against an outline of the car body, with the astonishing caption of an arrow pointing to the transmission: "Miracle Happens Here"! The transmission shown was an early variant (M4 "Vacamatic") of the later M6 transmission and was marketed to compete with the new Oldsmobile fully automatic, clutchless Hydramatic transmission, introduced in the fall of 1939 on 1940 Model year Oldsmobiles. The Hydramatic was embraced enthusiastically by consumers, and was installed in 45% of 1941 Model Oldsmobiles.

Criticism

Although Chrysler can be commended for its introduction of the fluid drive fluid coupling early on, it is difficult to understand why the corporation was last to introduce a fully automatic clutchless transmission (full introduction in Model year 1954). Although reasonably reliable, the M6 semi-automatic was a poor substitute for a fully automatic transmission, and lack of same most likely contributed substantially to Chrysler's 1950 fall from second to third place in annual automobile production.

ee also

* List of Chrysler transmissions