Burlak

A burlak ( _ru. Бурлак) was a Russian epithet for a person who hauled barges and other vessels down dry or shallow waterways from the 17th to 20th centuries. The word "burlak" originated from Tatar word "bujdak", 'homeless'. According to another version the word originated from old middle-german "bûrlach" (working team with fixed rules, artel).

Burlaks appeared in Russia at the end of sixteenth century and beginning of the seventeenth century. With the expansion of freight-hauling, the number of burlaks increased.

The chief of a burlak gang was called "Vodoliv" ( _ru. Водолив), next in line was the "Dyadya" ( _ru. Дядя, captain), followed by the "Shishka" ( _ru. Шишка, first in the line of haulers), while the last in line was called "Kosny" ( _ru. Косный, last in the line of haulers). fact|date=September 2007

There were "seasonal" burlaks, who worked from spring to autumn, and "temporary" burlaks, who worked occasionally. Burlaks did not work in winter, when most Russian rivers were frozen over.

A typical symbol of a burlak was a spoon on a hat ( [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/dal/dall/00/709.htm Dahl] ).

The main areas of the burlaks' trade in the Russian Empire were the Volga river, from Moscow to Astrakhan, the White Sea route ("Belomor’e"), from Moscow to Arkhangelsk, and the Dnieper river, in Ukraine.

Most burlaks were landless or poor peasants from Simbirsk, Saratov, Samara, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tambov and Penza areas.

Burlaks joined up in an "artel" (typically from four to six, sometimes ten to forty, and occasionally up 150 people) mainly in winter, despite that at this time clients paid the lowest price, because in winter burlaks were often otherwise unemployed. The final payments were in autumn, after finishing work.

With the coming of the Industrial revolution, the number of burlaks declined: in the beginning of the nineteenth century about 600,000 burlaks worked on the Volga and Oka rivers; in the middle of nineteenth century, 150,000, and by the beginning of the twentieth burlaks had all but disappeared.

The burlak was a popular hero of Russian proverbs ("Dog, do not touch the burlak—he is a dog himself"), songs ( _ru. "Ekh, dubinushka", famously performed by Feodor Chaliapin, "The Volga Boatmen's Song" etc.), and artwork ("Burlaks on the Volga" by Ilya Yefimovich Repin).

External links

* [http://lib.ru/RUSSLIT/GILQROWSKIJ/skitania.txt Vladimir Gilyarovsky, "My Travels" ( _ru. "Мои скитания")] This book by Vladimir Gilyarovsky contains a chapter on his Volga boat-puller experience in 1871. ru icon