George Edwardes

George Joseph Edwardes (born as "Edwards") (8 October 1855 – 4 October 1915) was an English theatre manager of Irish ancestry who brought a new era in musical theatre to the British stage and beyond.

Edwardes started out in theatre management, soon working at a number of West End theatres. By the age of 20, he was managing theatres for Richard D'Oyly Carte. In 1885, Edwardes became a manager at the Gaiety Theatre with John Hollingshead, who soon retired.

For the next three decades, Edwardes ruled a theatrical empire including the Gaiety, Daly's Theatre, the Adelphi Theatre and others, and sent touring companies around Britain and abroad. In the early 1890s, Edwardes recognized the changing tastes of musical theatre audiences and led the movement away from burlesque and comic opera to Edwardian musical comedy.

Life and career

Edwardes was born at Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England. He was the eldest of four sons and three daughters of James Edwards, comptroller of customs, and his wife, Eleanor Widdup. Edwardes' parents were Roman Catholics from Wexford, Ireland. He attended St James's College, in Clee, after which he was sent to London to take the examination for the Royal Military Academy. However, his cousins were Irish theatre managers John and Michael Gunn, and they obtained a job for him at Leicester's Royal Opera House.Gänzl, Kurt. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38669 "Edwardes, George Joseph (1855–1915)",] "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 September 2008, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38669]

Early career

Michael Gunn was a partner in Richard D'Oyly Carte's production company, and young Edwardes moved to London to work as treasurer for Carte at the Opera Comique in the late 1870s. He eventually became Carte's manager at the Opera Comique and then was Carte's first managing director of the Savoy Theatre in 1881, helping to produce several of the famous Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas until 1885. During this time, he added the "e" to his surname. While working at the Opera Comique, Edwardes met his future wife, Julia Gwynne, whom he brought to the D'Oyly Carte organisation, where she became a principal player. The couple married in 1885 and produced three daughters, including one named Dorothy, and a son, D'Arcy.

In 1885, Edwardes was hired to succeed John Hollingshead as manager at the Gaiety Theatre, producing burlesques in which the Gaiety specialized. Together, they produced "Little Jack Sheppard" a burlesque in a full-length format with an original score by Meyer Lutz, which opened at Christmas 1885. After this, in 1886, Hollingshead retired, and from then on the Guv'nor (as Edwardes came to be known) was in charge, with the assistance of the theatre's star player, Nellie Farren.

The next show that Edwardes produced at the Gaiety was "Dorothy" (1886), a comic opera similar to the Gilbert and Sullivan operas that he had produced for Carte, but the Gaiety's audiences were used to burlesques, and so Edwardes sold the rights to "Dorothy", which became a hit at another theatre. Following on the success of "Little Jack Sheppard", Edwardes turned the Gaiety back to producing burlesques, but these were "new burlesques": full-length pieces with original music by Meyer Lutz, instead of scores compiled from popular tunes. ["Theatrical Humour in the Seventies", "The Times", 20 February 1914, p. 9, col. D] These included "Monte Cristo, Junior" (1887), "Miss Esmeralda" (1887), "Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim" (1887), "Faust up to Date" (1888), "Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué" (1889), "Carmen up to Data" (1890), [ [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Archive/August/prog1detail1.htm Programme for "Carmen up to Data"] ] "Cinder Ellen up too Late" (1891), and "Don Juan" (1892, with music by Meyer Lutz, book by Fred Leslie and lyrics by Adrian Ross). These new burlesques were very successful and toured widely in Britain and abroad. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9504E4DF1E30E633A25752C1A9649D94689FD7CF "NY Times" article that describes the U.S. performances] ] However, "Dorothy"'s runaway success (it became the longest-running piece in musical theatre history up to that time) showed Edwardes and other producers that topical, light comedies could be enormously successful. At the same time, the death of Fred Leslie and retirement of Nellie Farren by 1892 helped bring to an end the era of Gaiety burlesque.

Edwardes produced shows at other theatres as well. For instance, in 1892, he took over the Prince of Wales Theatre."The Times" obituary, 5 October 1915, p. 11] In addition, after Gilbert and Sullivan stopped working together exclusively in the 1890s, Edwardes produced Gilbert's "His Excellency" at the Lyric Theatre in 1894. He also became manager of the struggling Empire Theatre, London, and transformed it into a music hall before it became associated with several successful ballets under the composer-director Leopold Wenzel. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=zSJ7zXkBc3MC&pg=PA258&lpg=PA258&dq=%22Leopold+Wenzel%22+Empire&source=web&ots=4KEUCZHe4A&sig=BUoAY2D-exCZyiB79Um7zhdf3TE&hl=en Richards, Jeffrey. "Imperialism and Music: Britain 1876-1953", pp. 257–60 (2002) Manchester University Press] ISBN 0719045061]

Popularising musical comedy

In the 1890s, Edwardes hit upon a new strategy for the Gaiety, which was a variation from the kinds of shows that he and Carte had produced and also had elements of the Gaiety burlesques and of music hall entertainments. The earliest of these shows, taking a cue from "Dorothy", had a musical style similar to the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas. Into this mix, he incorporated some of the elements of the form that Harrigan & Hart had established on Broadway a decade earlier.Kenrick, John. [http://www.musicals101.com/usafter.htm A History of The Musical - After G & S; The Gaiety Musicals,] "The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film" (2003)] Like Thomas German Reed and W. S. Gilbert before him, Edwardes wanted to produce musical plays that were more respectable (and would attract a more affluent, polite crowd) than risqué burlesque. But Edwardes sought pieces that integrated spoken dialogue and music in a lighter, less satiric way than Gilbert and Sullivan had, using topical songs, fashionable costumes and sassy byplay between the characters. [Traubner, Richard. [http://books.google.com/books?id=cyC-YCK7FigC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=%22George+Edwardes%22+burlesque+musicals+girl&source=web&ots=MRGZbthdCs&sig=-CbovdOqEfAQyw4Q_JQRb7vaoRA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result "Operetta: A Theatrical History",] pp. 198–219, Routledge, 2003 ISBN 0415966418]

The first of these, "In Town" in 1892 and "A Gaiety Girl" in 1893 (both of which were produced by Edwardes at the Prince of Wales Theatre), met with strong success and confirmed Edwardes on the path he was taking. [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Gaiety.htm "Gaiety Theatre",] ArthurLloyd theatre site] Edwardes dubbed his new musical plays "musical comedies". If Edwardes didn't invent the genre, he popularised it in Britain and was the first producer to elevate them to international popularity. [http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/musical_comedy.php "Musical Comedy",] Musicals Tour at PeoplePlayUK theatre site] He used the best writers and composers to create entertainments appealing to his Victorian and Edwardian audiences. Although he never acted in his productions, Edwardes controlled every other aspect of them.

The Gaiety Theatre

At the Gaiety Theatre, Edwardes hired Ivan Caryll as the resident composer and music director, and created a series of shows featuring fashionable characters and costumes, tuneful music, romantic and topical lyrics and pretty dancing. He embedded these elements in an often tenuous but nonetheless continuous original narrative. Like burlesque, Edwardes' "girl" musicals featured chorus lines and other devices for the display of women's bodies, but within the context of the simple narrative, elaborate displays of contemporary fashion and scenery, and light parody of social convention and topical issues.

For the next two decades, the "girl" musicals, with popular songs by Lionel Monckton and lively books by Owen Hall, filled the Gaiety Theatre, including "The Shop Girl" (1894), "The Circus Girl" (1896), "A Runaway Girl" (1898), "The Orchid" (1903), "The Spring Chicken" (1905), "The Girls of Gottenberg" (1907), "Our Miss Gibbs" (1909), "The Sunshine Girl" (1912), and "After the Girl" (1914). The heroines were independent young women who often earned their own livings. The stories followed a familiar plot line – a chorus girl breaks into high society, a shop girl makes a good marriage. There was always a misunderstanding during act one and an engagement at the end. [Coward, Noel. Foreword to "Musical Comedy" by Raymond Mander and Joe Mitchenson (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1969), pp. 7-8] In the words of a contemporary review, Edwardes’ musicals were "Light, Bright and enjoyable." These musicals were widely imitated by other British producers, and, within a decade, in America.

Perhaps to balance the "girl" musicals, the Gaiety also presented a series of what could be described as "boy" musicals, such as "The Messenger Boy" (1900), "The Toreador" (1901), "Two Naughty Boys" (1906), "The New Aladdin" (1906), and "Theodore and Co. (1916)"

The Gaiety Girls and high fashion

A major attraction of Edwardes' shows was his glamorous, dancing corps of "Gaiety Girls". These were fashionable, elegant young ladies, unlike the corseted actresses from the earlier burlesques. [ [http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/musicals_tour/first_musicals/gaiety_girls.php Description of the Gaiety Girls] ] In Edwardes' shows, these ladies were, as "The Sketch" noted in its review of "The Geisha" in 1896, "clothed in accordance with the very latest and most extreme modes of the moment." Many of the best-known London couturiers designed costumes for Edwardes' productions. The illustrated periodicals were eager to publish photographs of actresses in the latest stage hits, and so the theatre became an excellent way for clothiers to publicise their latest fashions. [ [http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/collections/object.php?object_id=1739&back=%2Fguided_tours%2Fmusicals_tour%2Ffirst_musicals%2Fgaiety_girls.php%3F Information about the famous costume designs of the musicals] ]

Gaiety girls were polite, well-behaved young women and became a popular attraction and a symbol of ideal womanhood. They were much sought after by the "stage door johnnies" of the 1890s—some of them becoming popular actresses or marrying into society and even the nobility. [Gillan, Don. [http://www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-frames.html?http&&&www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-peerge.html "Actresses and the Peerage",] "Stage Beauty" website (2007)] Alan Hyman wrote in "The Gaiety Years", :At the old Gaiety in the Strand the chorus was becoming a matrimonial agency for girls with ambitions to marry into the peerage and began in the nineties when Connie Gilchrist, a star of the Old Gaiety, married the Earl of Orkney and then in 1901, the Marquess of Headfort married Rosie Boote, who had charmed London the previous year when she sang Maisie in "The Messenger Boy". After Connie Gilchrist and Rosie Boote had started the fashion a score of the Guv'nor's budding stars left him to marry peers or men of title while other Gaiety Girls settled for a banker or a stockbroker. The Guv'nor finding this was playing ducks and drakes with his theatrical plans had a 'nuptial clause' inserted in every contract... Debutantes were competing with the other girls to get into the Gaiety chorus while upper-class youths were joining the ranks of the chorus boys. [ [http://www.happenstances.com/other.html Information about the stagedoor Johnnie marriages] ]

Other theatres and later years

Edwardes joined with American producer Augustin Daly to build a new London theatre that they would share. Daly's Theatre opened in 1893, but Daly did not produce many works. In 1895, Edwardes took over the management of the theatre, where Sidney Jones was hired as the resident composer and music director. Edwardes' shows at Daly's had more coherent plots and more romantic music specifically composed for the plot of the piece, rather than a collection of topical popular songs. They were more like what musical comedy was to become at maturity than their Gaiety Theatre siblings, the more review-like "Girl" musicals. These shows included hits like "An Artist's Model" (1895), "The Geisha" (1896), "A Greek Slave" (1898), and "San Toy" (1899). The stars at Daly's included strong, romantic singers: baritone Hayden Coffin and soprano Marie Tempest. They were joined by soubrette dancer Letty Lind and comic Huntley Wright. After a falling out with Coffin, Edwardes found success at Daly's with a series of English-language adaptations of European operettas, including "Les p'tites Michu" (1905), "The Merry Widow" (1907), "The Dollar Princess" (1910), "The Count of Luxemburg" (1911) and "The Marriage Market" (1913). He produced "The Girl on the Train" at the Vaudeville Theatre in 1909.

Edwardes also used the Apollo Theatre for several musicals, including "Three Little Maids" (1902) and "The Girl from Kays" (1902). As Edwardes' success grew, he needed another theatre and added the Adelphi Theatre to his chain of musical houses. There he produced a series of musicals by Lionel Monckton, Percy Greenbank and Adrian Ross, including "The Earl and the Girl" (1903), "The Quaker Girl" (1910), "The Dancing Mistress" (1912), and "The Girl from Utah" (1913). He also managed the Empire Theatre of Varieties, among other theatres.

Edwardes raced horses, and one of this thoroughbreds, Santoi, won many prizes. [Barrington, p. 241] He also had a stud farm business at Ballykisteen in County Tipperary. When World War I broke out, Edwardes was making his annual visit to a German spa. He was imprisoned in Germany for several months, which exacerbated his health problems.

Edwardes died at his home in Regent's Park, London, just before his 63rd birthday. He was buried at Kensal Green cemetery, survived by his wife. Although Edwardes left valuable properties, he also left considerable debts. His theatrical enterprises continued to operate under the guidance of Robert Evett, who managed to produce a number of hits over the next few years, notably "The Maid of the Mountains" and "The Boy", both beginning in 1917, that paid the debts of the estate.

Notes

References

* discussing Edwardes' racehorses
*Burnand, F. C. ed., "The Catholic who's who and yearbook" (1910)
*Gänzl, Kurt. "The encyclopedia of the musical theatre", 2 vols. (1994)
*Gänzl, Kurt. "The British musical theatre", 2 vols. (1986)
* Hyman, Alan. "The Gaiety Years" (Cassell, 1975) ISBN 0304293725
*Reid, E. and H. Compton, eds., "The dramatic peerage" (1891); rev. edn (1892)

External links

* [http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/fraser.charlton/edmuscom/page12/edmuscom_what.html Article on the rise of Edwardian musical comedy]
* [http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:VIWgpGPGalsJ:www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Gaiety.htm+%22Gaiety+Theatre%22+%22George+Edwardes%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 Information about the Gaiety Theatre]
* [http://www.hobbyist.co.uk/postcards/earlybritishmusicals/index.htm A 2005 publication on "Gertie Millar and the Edwardesian Legacy"]
*Lubbock, Mark. [http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/lightopera001.html "History of British musical theatre",] "The Complete Book of Light Opera", New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962, pp. 467-68