Stéphane Lupasco

Stéphane Lupasco (1900 - 1988) was a Romanian philosopher who developed Non-Aristotelian logic.

Stéphane Lupasco was born in Bucharest on 11 August, 1900. His family belonged to the old Moldavan aristocracy. His father was a lawyer and politician, but it was his mother, a pianist and student of César Franck, who established the family in Paris in 1916. After high school at the Lycée Buffon, he studied philosophy, biology and physics at the Sorbonne and, briefly, law. He participated fully in the artistic and intellectual life of Paris in the 20’s and 30’s and defended his State Doctoral Thesis in 1935 . In 1946, he was named Research Assistant at the French National Science Research Center, a post he was obliged to leave ten years later because of the inability of the Centre to decide in which faculty his work belonged! The next ten or fifteen years were those of greatest acceptance of his work by the public and other thinkers, but unfortunately not by main-stream logicians and philosophers. His Trois Matières, published in 1960 was a bestseller, and people began calling Lupasco the Descartes, the Leibniz, the Hegel of the 20th Century, a new Claude Bernard, a new Bergson, etc. He continued to publish books in the 70’s and 80’s, the last being L’Homme et ses Trois Ethiques in 1986, two years before his death on October 7, 1988 in Paris. An Award of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984 was among the few honors that came to Lupasco during his lifetime. Lupasco was one of the founding members of the International Center for Transdisciplinary Research (Centre International de Recherches et Etudes Transdisciplinaires (CIRET)), founded in Paris in 1987 by Nicolescu, Edgar Morin, René Berger, Michel Random and other key figures of the French intelligentsia. As Nicolescu has recalled, Lupasco was deeply affected by the stubborn resistance of the academic community to honest debate and discussion of his new principles and postulates, and it is with an understandable bitterness that Lupasco saw in this resistance another example of the operation of his principles.Lupasco’s style as an author is not an easy one, and requires the uninterrupted attention of the reader. It is not infrequent to find sentences of almost a page in length, containing multiply nested clauses. His writing is extremely dense in terms of the ideas and meaning of each successive phrase, with only occasional illustrative examples. Lupasco makes many references to his prior publications, unfortunately, often without adequate indexation. As Nicolescu has remarked , Lupasco’s exclusion from French academic life had both advantages and disadvantages: Lupasco was freed from the constraints of teaching and publication of research papers in a rigid format, and he obviously did not find it necessary to apply the discipline of providing references to his sources. In the Psychic Universe, published when Lupasco was seventy-nine, one sees nothing about current work in psychiatry. (Lupasco unfortunately did not read English well, and hence no references to the “anti”-psychiatry of Laing and Bateson, close in spirit to his work, are to be found.) A recent study by Brenner (2008) up-dates Lupasco’s work and shows its relevance to current issues in science and philosophy, as well as logic. Lupasco was not well served by the (few) exegetes that had looked closely at his work. Only one book, by the sociologist Marc Beigbeder , presents both a substantial description of Lupasco’s theory and development of it as a “logic of society”. A brief monograph by the philosopher Benjamin Fondane, dating from 1944 (just prior to his deportation and death) and published in 1998 , discusses the limitations of Lupasco’s view of affectivity and ontology. A book by an obscure English artist, George Melhuish , uses Lupasco’s ideas to develop his own concept of the structure of the universe, a sympathetic but not very rigorous reading of his work. The writer is indebted to Basarab Nicolescu for access to these and several other texts in his personal library that are otherwise totally unavailable. A complete understanding of, for example, Lupasco’s analysis of those precursors that André Glucksmann has called “Les Maîtres Penseurs” – Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer and Marx – must be sought in several different books. The attention of the reader is rewarded, however, by Lupasco’s regular restatements of his basic theses, often in a way that is more economic, meaningful and coherent. In his introduction to Lupasco’s “The Principle of Antagonism and the Logic of Energy”, Nicolescu points out that once the reader gets beyond the (relatively few) mathematical formulas in this book, Lupasco’s language is perfectly accessible. “It exemplifies, in a self-referential manner, the ternary aspects of actualization, potentialization and included middle which give it the charm and the privilege of incantations that are at the same time scientific, philosophical and poetic.”

Summarizing briefly, stimulated by Einstein's works and quantum theory, Lupasco founded a new logic, questioning the "tertium non datur" principle of classical logic. He introduced a third state, going beyond the duality principle, the T-state. The T-state is neither 'actual', nor 'potential' (categories replacing in Lupasco's system the 'true' or 'false' values of standard bivalent logic), but a resolution of the two contradictory elements at a higher level of reality or complexity. Lupasco generalised his logic to physics and epistemology and above all to a new theory of consciousness.

Works

1. "Logique et contradiction", P. U. F., Paris, 1947.

2. "Le principe d'antagonisme et la logique de l'énergie. Prolégomènes à une science de la contradiction", Hermann & Co., Paris, 1951.

3. "Du devenir logique et de l’affectivité ; Vol. 1 : Le dualisme antagoniste ; Vol. 2 : Essai d’une nouvelle théorie de la connaissance." Paris : Vrin, 1935 ; 2nd edition 1973.

4. "Les trois matières." Paris : Julliard, 1960 (LTM)

5. "Qu’est-ce qu’une structure?" Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1967

6. "L’univers psychique". Paris: Editions Denoël/Gonthier, 1979.

7. "L’énergie et la matière vivante". Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. (Originally published in Paris: Julliard, 1962.), 1986

8. "La topologie énergétique." In Pensées hors du Rond, La Liberté de l’esprit. 12: 13-30. Paris: Hachette, 1986

9. "L’Homme et ses trois éthiques". Paris: Editions du Rocher, 1986

10. "L’énergie et la matière psychique". Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. (Originally published in Paris: Julliard, 1974.), 1987.

References

1. Brenner, Joseph E., "Logic in Reality". Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

2. Beigbeder, Marc, "Contradiction et Nouvel Entendement". Paris : Bordas, 1972 3. Fondane, Benjamin, "L’être et la connaissance ; Essai sur Lupasco". Paris : Éditions Paris-Méditerranée, 1998 4. Melhuish, George, "The Paradoxical Universe". Bristol: Rankin Bros., 1959 5. Basarab Nicolescu in Stéphane Lupasco, "Le principe d’antagonisme et la logique de l’énergie." Paris : Éditions Hermann, 1951. Re-edited by Éditions le Rocher, 1987.