Kazushige Ugaki

Infobox Military Person
name=Kazushige Ugaki
lived= 9 August 1868 - 30 April, 1956
placeofbirth=Okayama, Bizen Province, Japan
placeofdeath= Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan


caption=As War Minister (1924)
nickname=
allegiance=Empire of Japan
branch=
serviceyears=1891 -1931
rank=General
commands=IJA 10th Division
unit=
battles=
awards=Order of the Golden Kite (3rd class)
family=
laterwork=Governor-General of Korea
Minster of War
Foreign Ministernihongo| Kazushige Ugaki |宇垣 一成| Ugaki Kazushige|extra= 9 August 1868 - 30 April, 1956 was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and twice Governor-General of Korea.

Early career

Ugaki was born to a "samurai" family in Seto-town, Bizen Province (currently Okayama Prefecture). He graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1891, and the Army Staff College in 1900.

Ugaki was sent as military attaché to Germany from 1902-1904 and again from 1906-1907. In 1910, he was promoted to colonel and in 1915 was promoted to major general, at which time he was made Commandant of the Army Staff College from 1919-1921 and commander of the IJA 10th Division from 1921-1922. In 1923, Ugaki became Vice Minister of the Army.

Minister of War & Governor General of Korea

From 1924-1927, Ugaki served as Minister of War in the Kiyoura, Kato Takaaki and First Wakatsuki Cabinets. While Minister of War, Ugaki strove to protect the superior position of the Imperial Japanese Army in Japanese politics, fearing a loss of influence to the Imperial Japanese Navy, should the United States be judged "Hypothetical National Enemy No. 1". Ugaki's plans called for an Army of 50 divisions.

Nevertheless, despite Ugaki's strenuous opposition, the Kato Takaaki cabinet continued with its fiscal retrenchment policy (from 1 May 1925) and Ugaki was forced to eliminate four infantry divisions (the IJA 13th Division, IJA 15th Division, IJA 17th Division, and IJA 18th Division), which resulted in the release of approximately 2,000 commissioned officers. He was also forced to shorten the period of time conscripts served with the remaining divisions. This made Ugaki an extremely unpopular figure within the Army, and in 1927 Ugaki accepted a posting as Governor-General of Korea rather than continue as Minister of War. [Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword]

In 1929, Ugaki was promoted to full general. He became Minister of War once again under the Hamaguchi cabinet.

Ugaki was a leader of the "Toseiha" faction within the military, representing the more conservative and politically moderate Army officers, as opposed to the more radical "Kodaha" faction. Some officers under General Ugaki's revitalized "Toseiha" group, looked towards Hitler's Germany as inspiration for a national-socialist state.

In 1931, although Ugaki refused to cooperate with them, he also failed to punish the insurgents responsible for the March Incident, an attempted coup-d'etat by young officers and ultranationists in the Sakura Kai who sought to make him prime minister. Having lost the support of his fellow officers, Ugaki resigned from the military and once again accepted a posting as Governor-General of Korea.

During his second period in Korea, Ugaki made concentrated efforts to build up the industrial base in the Korean peninsula, especially in the areas of heavy industry and munitions, which he felt would be invaluable in an upcoming war with China, which he considered unavoidable in the near future. [Pratt, Everlasting Flower]

Almost Prime Minister

Recalled to Japan after the fall of the Hirota Cabinet, Ugaki was named Prime Minister in February 1937, but was unable to form a Cabinet due to strong opposition from his political enemies within the Army. After the February 26 Incident in 1936, the military had obtained a restoration of the requirement that their Ministers be selected only from active duty officers. Ugaki, although Prime Minister-designate (and a retired full general in his own right) was persona non grata with the Army over his previous terms as Minister of War and the March Incident, along with his alleged ties to the "zaibatsu" businesses over the Korean industrialization program, so they refused to provide him with a Minister of War. As a consequence, although officially appointed, Ugaki could never take office. The post prime minister then went to Senjuro Hayashi, another ex-general and member of the rival "Kodoha" faction.

The Army's ability to control the formation of a government by means of withholding nomination of a cabinet minister was a staggering blow to the evolution of parliamentary government and democracy in Japan and unquestionably, the decisive factor in the military supremacy over civilian authority before and during World War II. [Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan]

ubsequent career

In May 1938, Ugaki became Foreign Minister under the 1st Konoe Cabinet, but resigned after only 4 months.

In 1944, Ugaki left politics and accepted the post of principal of Takushoku University, which he held throughout the war years.

After World War II, along with all former members of the Japanese government, Ugaki was purged from public service and arrested by the American Occupation authorities. However, he was never charged with any war crimes, and was soon released.

In 1953, Ugaki ran for public office on a national ticket and was elected to the House of Councillors in the post-war Diet of Japan with an overwhelming vote. Ugaki died in 1956 at his summer villa in Izunokuni, Shizuoka. His grave is at Tama Cemetery, in Fuchu, Tokyo.

References

Books

*cite book
last = Bix
first = Herbert B
coauthors =
year = 2001
title = Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
publisher = Harper Perennial
location =
id = ISBN: 0-06-093130-2
*cite book
last = Humphreys
first = Leonard
coauthors =
year = 1995
title = The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920's
publisher = Stanford University Press
location =
id = ISBN: 0804723753
*cite book
last = Pratt
first = Keith
coauthors =
year = 2007
title = Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea
publisher = Reaktion Books
location =
id = ISBN: 1861893353
*cite book
last = Tolland
first = John
coauthors =
year = 2003
title = The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945
publisher = Modern Library
location =
id = ISBN: 0-8129-6858-1
*cite book
last = Ugaki
first = Kazushige
coauthors =
year = 1934
title = The Bright Future for Chosen
publisher = Signs of The Times Publishing House
location =
id = ASIN: B00088BOP4

External links

*cite web
last = National Diet Library
first =
url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/239.html
title = Ugaki Kazushige
work = Portraits of Modern Historical Figures
*cite web
last = National Diet Library
first =
url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha4/description08.html
title = Japanese Times on Ugaki's bid for Prime Minister
work =
*cite web
last = Wendel
first = Marcus
url = http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=7148
title = Governor-General of Korea
work = Axis History Database

Notes