1850

:"For the game, see: "1850 (board game)"."

1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [ "Calendar in year 1850 (Russia)" (Julian calendar, starting Tuesday), webpage: [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=1850&country=20 Julian-1850] (Russia used the Julian calendar until 1919).] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1850

January - June

* January 29 - Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress.
* February 28 - The University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah.
* March 7 - United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
* March 16 - Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter" is published.
* March 19 - American Express is founded by Henry Wells & William Fargo.
* April 4 - Los Angeles, California is incorporated as a city.
* April 15 - San Francisco, California is incorporated as a city.
* May 7 - The Brigantine "USS Advance" is loaned to the United States Navy.
* May 16 - The French battleship "Le Napoléon" is launched.
* May 23 - The "USS Advance" puts to sea from New York to search for John Franklin's Arctic expedition.
* June 1 - The postage stamp issues of Austria begin with a series of imperforate typographed stamps featuring the coat of arms.
* June 3 - The traditional date of Kansas City, Missouri's founding. This is the date on which it is incorporated by Jackson County, Missouri as the "Town of Kansas".

July - December

* July - Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces.
* July 9
** Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad, known as the Báb, is executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.
** Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States following the death of President Taylor.
* August 28 - Richard Wagner's opera "Lohengrin" premieres.
* September 9
** California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state.
** The New Mexico Territory is organized by order of the U.S. Congress.
* September 18 - The Fugitive Slave Law is passed by the U.S. Congress.
* September 29 - The Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX.
* October 1 - The University of Sydney (the oldest in Australia) is founded.
* November - Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur between Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.
* November 29 - The treaty called Punctation of Olmütz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.
* December 16 - The first settlers for the settlement of Christchurch arrive at the Port of Lyttelton (New Zealand).

Undated

* The American System of Watch Manufacturing starts in Roxbury, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (the Waltham Watch Company).
* Bingley Hall, the world's first purpose-built exhibition hall, opens in Birmingham, England.
* Allan Pinkerton forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.
* France begins to transport colonists to Algeria.
* Rifling becomes common in firearms.
* Entre Ríos Province in Argentina revolts, backed by Brazil in alliance with Paraguay and the Uruguayan Colorado Party.
* Harriet Tubman becomes an official conductor of the Underground Railroad.
* The International Organisation of Good Templars is established, then as the order of the Knights of Jericho.
* St. Mary’s Institute (the future University of Dayton) is founded in in Dayton, OH.
* Manchester reaches 400,000 inhabitants.
* Europeans are 22% of the world population.
* 1850 - 1880 - 144,000 East Indian laborers go to Trinidad and 39,000 East Indians come to Jamaica.

Births

January - June

* January - John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger and U.S. Marshal (d. 1913)
* January 4 - Frederick York Powell, English historian and scholar (d. 1904)
* January 6 - Eduard Bernstein, German social democratic theoretician and politician (d. 1932)
* January 6 - Xaver Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (d. 1924)
* January 10 - John Wellborn Root, U.S. architect (d. 1891)
* January 11 - Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (d. 1917)
* January 14 - Pierre Loti, French sailor and writer (d. 1923)
* January 15
**Mihai Eminescu, Romanian romantic poet (d. 1889)
**Leonard Darwin, son of the British naturalist Charles Darwin (d. 1943)
**Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian mathematician (d. 1891)
* January 17 - Aleksandr Taneyev, Russian composer (d. 1918)
* January 18 - Seth Low, American educator (d. 1916)
* January 19 - Augustine Birrell, English author and politician (d. 1933)
* January 24
**Hermann Ebbinghaus, German psychologist (d. 1909)
**Mary Noailles Murfree, American novelist (d. 1922)
* January 27
**John Collier, British writer and painter (d. 1934)
**Edward Smith, captain of the Titanic (d. 1912)
**Samuel Gompers, U.S. labor union leader (d. 1924)
* January 28 - Edward Merritt Hughes, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1903)
* January 29
**Ebenezer Howard, British urban planner (d. 1928)
**Lawrence Hargrave, Australian engineer (d. 1915)
* February 12 - William Morris Davis, U.S. geographer (d. 1934)
* February 14 - Kiyoura Keigo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1942)
* February 15 - Albert B. Cummins, U.S. political figure (d. 1926)
* February 17 - Alf Morgans, Premier of Western Australia (d. 1933)
* February 18 - George Henschel, English musician (d. 1934)
* February 23 - César Ritz, Swiss hotelier (d. 1918)
* February 27
**Henry Huntington, U.S. railroad pioneer and art collector (d. 1927)
**Laura E. Richards, U.S. author (d. 1943)
* March 7
**Tomáš Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1937)
**Champ Clark, U.S. politician (d. 1921)
**Éphrem-A. Brisebois, Canadian police officer (d. 1890)
**Georg von Vollmar, Socialist politician in Bavaria (d. 1922)
* March 9 - Hamo Thornycroft, British sculptor (d. 1925)
* March 10 - Spencer Gore, British tennis player and cricketer (d. 1906)
* March 13 - Hugh John Macdonald, premier of Manitoba (d. 1929)
* March 26 - Edward Bellamy, U.S. author (d. 1898)
* March 31 - Charles Doolittle Walcott, U.S. invertebrate paleontologist (d. 1927)
* April 8 - John Peters, American 19th century baseball player (d. 1924)
* April 9 - Julius Wernher, German-born British businessman and art collector (d. 1912)
* April 11 - Isidor Rayner, U.S. senator (d. 1912)
* April 12 - Nikolai Golitsyn, Prime Minister of Russia (d. 1925)
* April 13 - Arthur Matthew Weld Downing, British astronomer (d. 1917)
* April 15
**William Thomas Pipes, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1909)
**Edmund Peck, Canadian missionary (d. 1924)
* April 16 - Paul von Breitenbach, German railway planner (d. 1930)
* April 18 - Joseph Labadie, U.S. labor organizer (d. 1933)
* April 20 - Daniel Chester French, U.S. sculptor (d. 1931)
* April 24 - Murdo MacKenzie, Scottish-Brazilian rancher (d. 1939)
* April 26
**Harry Bates, British sculptor (d. 1899)
**James Drake, Australian politician (d. 1915)
* April 27 - Hans Hartwig von Beseler, German soldier (d. 1921)
* April 29 - George Murdoch, first mayor of Calgary (d. 1910)
* May 1 - Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom (d. 1942)
* May 3 - Johnny Ringo, U.S. cowboy (d. 1892)
* May 4 - Emanuel Schiffers, Russian chess player (d. 1904)
* May 7 - Anton Seidl, Hungarian conductor (d. 1898)
* May 8 - Ross Barnes, U.S. baseball player (d. 1915)
* May 10 - Thomas Lipton, Scottish merchant and yachtsman (d. 1931)
* May 12
**Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. statesman (d. 1924)
**Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, Scottish Liberal politician and jurist (d. 1934)
* May 12 - Frederick Holder, premier of South Australia (d. 1909)
* May 14 - Alva Adams, Governor of Colorado (d. 1922)
* May 18 - Oliver Heaviside, British engineer (d. 1925)
* May 21 - Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (d. 1914)
* May 26 - James Kenyon, British pioneer of cinematography (d. 1925)
* May 27 - Thomas Neill Cream, serial killer (d. 1892)
* May 28 - Frederic William Maitland, English jurist and historian (d. 1906)
* May 30 - Frederick Dent Grant, U.S. soldier and statesman (d. 1912)
* June 2
**Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent, British businessman (d. 1931)
**Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, responsible for diabetes mellitus (d. 1935)
* June 3 - Albert M. Todd, American businessman and politician (d. 1931)
* June 5 - Pat Garrett, American bartender and sheriff (d. 1908)
* June 6 - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918)
* June 12 - Roberto Ivens, Portuguese explorer of Africa (d. 1898)
* June 15 - Charles Hazelius Sternberg, U.S. fossil collector and amateur paleontologist (d. 1943)
* June 18 - Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar Curtis, U.S. publisher (d. 1933)
* June 21 - Daniel Carter Beard, U.S. scouting pioneer (d. 1941)
* June 22 - Ignaz Goldziher, Jewish Hungarian orientalist (d. 1921)
* June 24 - Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (d. 1916)
* June 27
**Ivan Vazov, Bulgarian poet (d. 1921)
**Lafcadio Hearn, Greco-Japanese author (d. 1904)
**Jørgen Pedersen Gram, Danish mathematician (d. 1916)

July - December

* July 2 - Robert Ridgway, U.S. ornithologist (d. 1929)
* July 8 - Charles Rockwell Lanman, U.S. Sanskrit scholar (d. 1941)
* July 11 - Annie Armstrong, U.S. missionary leader (d. 1938)
* July 12
**Newell Sanders, U.S. businessman and politician (d. 1938)
**Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist (d. 1912)
* July 15 - Mother Cabrini, U.S. saint (d. 1917)
* July 20 - John G. Shedd, U.S. businessman (d. 1926)
* July 28 - William Whittingham Lyman, U.S. vintner (d. 1921)
* July 31
**Robert Love Taylor, Tennessee congressman (d. 1912)
**Robert Planquette, French composer of stage musicals (d. 1903)
* August - Bernardo Reyes, Mexican general (d. 1913)
* August 5 - Guy de Maupassant, French writer (d. 1893)
* August 6 - Henri Chantavoine, French writer (d. 1918)
* August 9 - Johann Büttikofer, Swiss zoologist (d. 1929)
* August 13 - Philip Bourke Marston, English poet (d. 1887)
* August 14 - W. W. Rouse Ball, British mathematician (d. 1925)

Deaths

January - June

* January 2 - Manuel de la Peña y Peña, interim President of Mexico (b. 1789)
* January 20 - Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, Danish poet and playwright (b. 1779)
* January 22
**William Joseph Chaminade, French Catholic priest (b. 1761)
**Saint Vincent Pallotti, Italian missionary (b. 1795)
* January 26 - Francis Jeffrey, Scottish judge and literary critic (b. 1773)
* January 27
**Johann Gottfried Schadow, German sculptor (b. 1764)
**Philipp Roth, composer (b. 1779)
* February 4 - Daniel Turner, officer in the United States Navy (b. 1794)
* February 20 - Valentín Canalizo, acting president of Mexico (b. 1794)
* February 23 - Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British military officer and colonial administrator (b. 1775)
* February 25 - Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty of China (b. 1782)
* February 27 - Samuel Adams, Democratic Governor of the State of Arkansas (b. 1805)
* March 3 - Oliver Cowdery, U.S. religious leader (b. 1806)
* March 13
**Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan, Argentine general and politician (b. 1776)
**Owen Stanley, British naval officer and explorer of New Guinea (b. 1811)
* March 26 - Samuel Turell Armstrong, U.S. political figure (b. 1784)
* March 27 - Wilhelm Beer, German banker and astronomer (b. 1797)
* March 28 - Gerard Brandon, Governor of Mississippi (b. 1788)
* March 31 - John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)
* April 7 - William Lisle Bowles, English poet and critic (b. 1762)
* April 9 - William Prout, English chemist and physician (b. 1785)
* April 12 - Adoniram Judson, U.S. Baptist missionary (b. 1788)
* April 16 - Marie Tussaud, French wax sculptor (b. 1761)
* April 17 - Jan Krukowiecki, Polish general (b. 1772)
* April 23 - William Wordsworth, English poet (b. 1770)
* April 24 - John Norvell, U.S. newspaperman and senator (b. 1789)
* May 1 - Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist and anatomist (b. 1777)
* May 10 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist and physicist (b. 1778)
* May 12 - Frances Sargent Osgood, U.S. poet (b. 1811)
* May 21 - Christoph Friedrich von Ammon, German theological writer and preacher (b. 1766)
* May 24
** Jane Porter, English novelist (b. 1776)
** Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł, Polish noble (b. 1778)
* May 31 - Giuseppe Giusti, Tuscan satirical poet (b. 1809)
* June 9 - John Green Crosse, English surgeon
* June 16 - William Lawson, British explorer of New South Wales (b. 1774)
* June 19 - Margaret Fuller, American journalist (b. 1810)
* June 30 - Richard Dillingham, American Quaker teacher (b. 1823)

July - December

* July 2 - Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1788)
* July 4 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)
* July 7 - Timothy Hackworth, British steam locomotive engineer
* July 8 - Prince Adolphus of the United Kingdom, 1st Duke of Cambridge (b. 1774)
* July 9
**The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábí Faith (b. 1819) (executed by firing squad)
**Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (b. 1784)
**Jean Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (b. 1776)
* July 12 - Robert Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (b. 1772)
* July 14 - August Neander, German theologian and church historian (b. 1789)
* July 25 - Richard Barnes Mason, military governor of California (b. 1797)
* August 3 - Jacob Jones, U.S. Navy officer (b. 1768)
* August 6
**Edward Walsh, Irish poet (b. 1805)
**Hone Heke, Maori chief and war leader
* August 13 - Martin Archer Shee, Irish painter and president of the Royal Academy (b. 1770)
* August 17 - General José de San Martín, Argentine military and South American independence hero (b. 1778)
* August 18
**Charles Arbuthnot, British Tory politician (b. 1767)
**Honoré de Balzac, French author (b. 1799)
* August 22 - Nikolaus Lenau, Austrian poet (b. 1802)
* August 26 - King Louis-Philippe of France (b. 1773)
* August 27 - Thomas Kidd, English classical scholar and schoolmaster (b. 1770)
* September 2 - Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn, British Tory politician (b. 1775)
* September 12 - Presley O'Bannon, officer in the United States Marine Corps (b. 1784)
* September 22 - Johann Heinrich von Thünen, German economist (b. 1783)
* September 23 - José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan revolutionary (b. 1764)
* October 2 - Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)
* October 29 - Marmaduke Williams, Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1774)
* November 2 - Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr., Democratic governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina (b. 1796)
* November 3 - Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (b. 1800)
* November 4 - Gustav Schwab, German classical scholar (b. 1792)
*November 9 - François-Xavier-Joseph Droz, French writer on ethics and political science (b. 1773)
* November 19 - Richard Mentor Johnson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1780)
* November 22 - Lin Zexu, Chinese politician (b. 1785)
* November 30 - Germain Henri Hess, Swiss chemist and doctor (b. 1802)
* December 4
**Robert Gilfillan, Scottish poet (b. 1798)
**William Sturgeon, English physicist and inventor (b. 1783)
*December 10
**Józef Bem, Polish general (b. 1794)
**François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (b. 1787)
* December 22 - William Plumer, U.S. lawyer and lay preacher (b. 1759)
* December 24 - Frédéric Bastiat French author and economist (b. 1801)
* December 28 - Heinrich Christian Schumacher, German astronomer (b. 1780)
*"date unknown"
**Edward Bickersteth, English evangelical divine (b. 1786)
**Elizabeth Simcoe, wife of John Graves Simcoe (b. 1762)
**Nur Singh, regent of Manipur
**Tan Tock Seng, Singaporean businessman philanthropist
**William Hamilton Maxwell, Scots-Irish novelist (b. 1792)

Notes