Overblowing

Overblowing (a) A technique used while playing a wind instrument which, primarily through manipulation of the supplied air (versus, e.g., a fingering change or operation of a slide), causes the sounded pitch to jump to a higher one. Depending on the instrument (and less so on the player), overblowing may involve a change in air pressure, in the point at which the air is directed, or in the resonance characteristics of the chamber formed by the mouth and throat of the player (a feature of embouchure). In some instruments, overblowing may also involve the direct manipulation of the vibrating reed(s), and/or the pushing of a register key while otherwise leaving fingering unaltered. With the exception of harmonica overblowing, the pitch jump is from one vibratory mode of the reed or air column, e.g., its fundamental, to an overtone. Overblowing can be done deliberately in order to get a higher pitch, or inadvertently, resulting in the production of a note other than that intended.

In simple woodwind instruments, overblowing can cause the pitch to change into a different register. For example, a player of the Irish tin whistle can play in the upper octave by blowing harder while using the same fingering as in the lower octave.

In brass instruments, overblowing (sometimes combined with tightening of the embouchure) produces a different harmonic.

In beating, or striking, reed wind instruments such as the saxophone, clarinet, and oboe, the transition from lower to higher register is aided by a "register hole" which encourages a vibration node at a particular point in the pipe such that a higher harmonic is produced.

Another type of overblowing is that used on instruments such as the flute, where the direction of the airstream is altered in order to sound higher notes. This technique can also be demonstrated when blowing across the top of a glass bottle (beer bottle, wine bottle, etc.) to produce a pitch.

Bagpipes

Some bagpipes, most importantly the uillean pipes, are capable of overblowing in the sense of jumping to a higher pitch, though most bagpipes are not normally played in this way. Among Highland pipers, the term more often refers to a problem affecting the steadiness and reliability of the pitch and tone caused by an excess of air pressure. When a piper plays, a rhythm is set up between blowing into the blowstick and squeezing the bag. Often, a piper will over-squeeze the bag while still exhaling, causing a pipe to cease to sound or to vary its tone and pitch.

Harmonica

Overblowing is an important modern technique among players of some harmonica types, notably the standard Richter-tuned harmonica or blues harp. Combined with note bending, it yields the full chromatic scale across the instrument's range. Though pioneered on Richter-tuned harps, overblowing, or the related overdrawing, is possible on any harmonica having both a blow reed and a draw reed mounted in the same airway (i.e., behind the same mouthpiece hole), but no windsaver valve on the higher-pitched of the two reeds. While superficially resembling in its pitch-jumping effect the overblowing of other (beating-reed, aerophone, brass) wind instruments, harmonica overblowing is completely unrelated from the standpoint of the underlying physics. It does not induce the sounding reed to sound a higher overtone – free reed overtones do not even begin to approximate the harmonic series nor are they particularly musical – nor does it induce a higher vibrational mode in air in a pipe or other resonator – harmonicas generally have no such resonator. Rather, it silences the sounding reed while eliciting sound from the formerly silent one – the one that normally responds to air flowing in the opposite direction. A key fact for understanding both overblowing and bending on such an instrument: a free reed mounted over a reedplate slot will normally respond to air flows that pull it initially into the slot, i.e., as a closing reed, but, at only slightly higher air pressure from the opposite side, will also respond as an opening reed; the resulting pitch is generally just less than a semitone higher than the closing-reed pitch.

Overblown notes can be played as softly as any other note on the instrument. Proper embouchure alone will cause the closing reed to cease vibrating and induce the opening reed to start. Overblow notes are naturally flat but can be bent up to the correct pitch. An overblow consists of two steps: the closing reed must be choked (silenced), and the opening reed must be sounded. A clean overblow note requires that both of these steps be executed simultaneously. The steps can be learned separately: Remove both cover plates from an old Richter-tuned harmonica, use tape to block the draw reeds of holes 1-6 and blow reeds of 7-10, and reassemble the harp. Play any single note. Without blowing (or sucking) unduly hard, try to choke off that reed's sound. You may wish to try almost forming the letter K, or G way back in your throat, or on the high-hole draw reeds, pushing your tongue slightly forward. However you do it, when you can easily and completely silence the reed in every hole, then again disassemble the harp, remove the tape, tape the opposite reeds – 1-6 blow and 7-10 draw – and put cover plates back on. Now use your single-note technique while trying to play the reed that normally does not sound. Do not blow (or suck) hard. Try the same embouchure changes as above. When you can produce clear sound, both soft and loud, and can bend the pitches slightly upward on all 10 holes, then remove all tape, reassemble the harp, and try overblowing holes 1-6 and overdrawing holes 7-10. Overblowing technique also has been described as not much different than doing a blow bend, except on a draw-bend-only reed (holes 1-6), and doing a draw bend embouchure, except on a blow-bend-only reed (holes 7-10). The latter technique is also known as the "overdraw" due to the reversed airflow, and these techniques are sometimes collectively referred to as "overbends".

Certain modifications to factory-built harmonicas can increase the sensitivity of the instrument and make overblows far easier to achieve. Lowering the reed gap (over the reedplate) and slightly narrowing reed slots (a process called embossing) are probably the most common customization methods used to set up overblow-friendly harmonicas. Because it involves both reeds in the chamber, overblowing is not possible on fully valved harmonicas (including chromatic harmonicas or the Hohner XB-40, a harmonica with discrete reed chambers and extra sounding reeds).

Notable practitioners of overblowing are Howard Levy, a founding member of the Flecktones, Otavio Castro, Chris Michalek, Jason Ricci, and Carlos del Junco.

Woodwinds

In the case of the clarinet, the instrument's single reed beats against its mouthpiece, opening and closing the instrument's cylindrical closed tube to produce a tone. When the instrument is overblown, with or without the aid of its register key, the pitch is a twelfth higher.

In the case of a saxophone, which has a similar mouthpiece-reed combination to the clarinet, or of an oboe, where double reeds beat against each other to the same effect, the conical-shaped bore of these instruments gives their the closed tube properties of an open tube; when overblown, the pitch jumps an octave higher.

Further reading

• Kool, Jaap, Das Saxophon (The Saxophone). pub J. J. Weber, Leipzig. 1931; translated to English by Lawrence Gwozdz. Herts, England: Egon Publishers Ltd, 1987.

• Master Your Theory: 4th Grade by Dulcie Holand

• Bahnson HT, Antaki JF, Beery QC. Acoustical and physical dynamics of the diatonic harmonica. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103:2134-44 (1998).

• Thaden J. Doctor Diatonic. Harmonica Horizons 5 (1990).

• Johnston RB. Pitch control in harmonica playing. Acoust. Aust. 15:69–75 (1987).

External links

• Harmonica overblow technique