- Karl Lennart Oesch
Karl Lennart Oesch (
8 August 1892 , Pyhäjärvi,Karelian Isthmus -28 March 1978 ,Helsinki ) was one of the leading Finnish generals duringWorld War II . He held a string of high staff assignments and front commands, and at the end of theContinuation War fully two-thirds of the Finnish ground forces were under his command. Oesch earned a reputation of being able to deal with difficult situations, a trait thatMannerheim used to the full.Early life
Karl Lennart Oesch (he used Lennart as the first name, but is usually referred to as Karl Lennart or K.L.) was born to parents of Swiss origin, who had moved to
Finland before his birth. Karl Lennart Oesch himself held a dual Finnish-Swiss citizenship until 1920. He attended to school inSortavala and studied in the Department of Mathematics and Physics in theUniversity of Helsinki in 1911-1915.Jaeger Movement and Civil War
Oesch joined the Jaeger Movement in 1915 and trained and fought in the
Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion . When the Jaegers returned to Finland in February 1918, he was commissioned acaptain in theFinnish Army . During theFinnish Civil War Oesch commanded an infantry battalion.Interwar years
In the 1920s and 1930s Oesch advanced rapidly in the
Finnish Defence Forces . He studied in French military academies in 1923-1926 and, once he had returnedFinland , Oesch commanded the newly created general staff academySotakorkeakoulu in 1926-1929. In 1930 Oesch was promoted toMajor General and appointed the Chief of the General Staff -- assignment he was to hold almost a decade.As Chief of the General Staff Oesch was one of the most influential men in the
Finnish Defence Forces . He was a driving force behind the mobilization reform effected in the early 1930s (the new mobilization plans were mainly drafted by the thenLieutenant Colonel Aksel Airo ). Oesch also served briefly as a deputy Minister of Interior Affairs in March 1932, during the crisis caused by theMäntsälä rebellion . He was promoted toLieutenant General in 1936.Winter War and the Interim Peace
When the Soviet invasion started the
Winter War on30 November 1939 , Oesch continued as the Chief of the General Staff in the Finnish Supreme HQ underMannerheim . Curiously enough, there's very little study of Oesch's role in the Supreme HQ, he is usually left inMannerheim 's and Airo's shadow.Oesch got the opportunity to show his talents as front commander in March 1940. The
Red Army had surprised Finns by crossing the frozen Bay of Viipuri and gained a foothold on its western shore.Mannerheim had created the Coast Group to repel the enemy, but its first commanderMajor General Kurt Martti Wallenius was dismissed in disgrace after holding the command only for three days. The situation was extremely critical, and Oesch was appointed to deal with it. Finnish defenses consisted mainly of badly equipped coast defense battalions manned by older reservists and battalions hastily transferred from Lapland. Oesch was able to hold this motley and worn force together until the end of the war on13 March 1940 , causing heavy losses for theRed Army and significantly slowing its advance.Mannerheim began to regard Oesch as a man who can deal with difficult situations.During the ensuing peace, known as the Interim Peace by Finns, Oesch first returned to his previous post as the Chief of the General Staff for few weeks, until taking the command of II Army Corps in April 1940.
Continuation War
At the start of the
Continuation War in June 1941 Oesch's army corps became the IV Army Corps. Its mission was to advance into southernKarelian Isthmus . ButMannerheim gave priority toLieutenant General Erik Heinrichs ’sArmy of Karelia , which advanced into northernKarelia north ofLake Ladoga . Oesch didn’t get the permission to go into offensive until20 August 1941 , almost two months after the start of the war. Oesch and his chief of staffColonel Valo Nihtilä decided to start the attack two days later.Once the IV Army Corps's offensive started, it made rapid progress. But Oesch became overstressed with work, and was forced to take a fortnight’s sick leave on
25 August 1941 . However, on Nihtilä’s request Oesch returned already on30 August 1941 , as Oesch’s deputyMajor General Taavetti Laatikainen neglected his new duties. On the previous day IV Army Corps's forces had enteredViipuri , the second largest city of pre-1939Finland . But Oesch’s greatest triumph was still to come.In the last days of August 1941 Oesch’s forces closed elements of three Soviet divisions (43rd, 115th and 123rd Rifle Divisions) in a pocket in Porlampi, south of
Viipuri . Although part of theRed Army troops were able to escape (leaving all their heavy equipment behind), on1 September 1941 the remaining troops began to surrender. Finns took 9,325 POWs, among them commander of 43rd Rifle DivisionMajor General Vladimir Kirpichnikov. Some 7,500 fallenRed Army soldiers were buried in the battlefield, and great booty taken. At the cost of less than 3,000 casualties, Oesch had won the greatest victory in Finland’s military history. However, around this time Oesch gave a controversial order that resulted in him being tried and condemned as awar criminal after the war (see below).In March 1942 Finnish forces were reorganized into three groups. Oesch was given the command of Olonets Group in the Olonets Isthmus between lakes Onega and Ladoga. Almost immediately in April 1942 he had to face a strong Soviet attack which was decisively beaten in ten days of battle. As the war progressed, it became increasingly clear
Germany will lose the war, and Finns have to find a way out. Oesch was preoccupied with planning the fortification and defense of his front, but kept a worried eye on the developments elsewhere.The
Red Army offensive inKarelian Isthmus started on9 June 1944 , and broke through the Finnish main defense position on the next day. There was no unified command at place, and this was soon recognized as a serious flaw in the Finnish organisation. On the morning of14 June 1944 Oesch received a call fromLieutenant General Aksel Airo :"In the Isthmus everything is going to hell. Go get there on orders by the Commander-in-Chief, the army corps are yours. Laatikainen is somewhere around Viipuri." Oesch was given the title Commander of the Isthmus Forces, and a staff was gathered to serve under him. For the second time Oesch was sent to take over a critical part of front, and this time it was the most critical ever. A decisive Soviet breakthrough in theKarelian Isthmus would probably have meant occupation andFinland becoming a Soviet satellite after the war.Despite the loss of
Viipuri on20 June 1944 , Oesch was able to pull the Finnish forces together. New divisions and brigades were sent to reinforce the Isthmus and Bay of Viipuri, and finally Oesch had under his command threearmy corps (III, IV and V), fully two thirds of the wholeFinnish Army manpower. The triple defensive victories of Tali-Ihantala, Bay of Viipuri and Vuosalmi followed. Already during the Tali-Ihantala Oesch had been awarded the covetedMannerheim Cross on26 June 1944 . He remained Commander of the Isthmus Forces until October 1944, a month after the end of theContinuation War .Oesch had a very impressive record during the war, but he felt that his achievements weren't fully recognized.
Mannerheim never promoted him a fullgeneral .Mannerheim recognized Oesch’s abilities, but Oesch never was one of his favorites.Mannerheim trusted most the men he himself had made, and Oesch, who had held very high posts already in peace-time, was not one of them.Trial for war crimes
After the
Continuation War Oesch’s career took a turn for worse. After serving again as the Chief of the General Staff for almost a year, Oesch retired on his own will in September 1945. He was aware that the Soviets demanded his arrest as awar criminal . For a moment Oesch thought of escaping toSweden , but in the end decided to stay and face the charges. He was arrested in the same month and later tried. Four years earlier, in September 1941, Oesch had given an order that permitted the guards to use their arms if POWs refused to follow orders. The details of the affair are not clear, but apparently some trigger-happy men took liberties with the orders, and a number of Soviet POWs were killed. Oesch stood accused for ordering the execution of 17 POWs.According to Finnish sources, proof for Oesch’s personal responsibility for these deaths was rather dubious. Oesch was also a very moderate and level-headed person, and ordering such killings goes against everything we know about his personality. But in the postwar political climate it was imperative to fulfill the Soviet demands in order not to give them any excuses to intervene even more in Finnish affairs. Oesch was condemned to 12 years of penal servitude by a Finnish military court on
19 July 1946 , although the sentence was commuted to three years by the Highest Court on2 February 1948 . Nevertheless, Oesch’s military career was finished. Oesch was the only senior Finn to be condemned ofwar crimes .Later life
After Oesch was released from the jail in February 1948 he devoted himself to military history, researching and writing extensively on Finnish experiences in the
World War II . His book of the battles of summer 1944 is still a valuable study on the subject. Oesch was also one of the founders and chief editor of a popular magazine onWorld War II Finnish history. He was made a Doc. Phil.honoris causa by theUniversity of Turku in 1960. But when Oesch died inHelsinki on28 March 1978 , he was still embittered because he didn't reach the rank of fullgeneral even in the post-war years, when a number of retired officers were given honorary promotions in reserve.Personal life
Karl Lennart Oesch married Anna Niskanen and they had two children: son Karl Christian (born 1921) and daughter Ann-Mari (born 1922).
Works of note
* "Suomen kohtalon ratkaisu Kannaksella kesällä 1944", Helsinki 1957. German translation published in
Switzerland as "Finnlands Entscheidungskampf 1944 und seine politischen, wirtschaftlichen und militärischen Folgen" (1964).References
* Seppälä, Helge (1998): "Karl Lennart Oesch: Suomen pelastaja"
* Tapola, Päivi (2007): "Kenraalien kirjeet"Lipponen, Rauno (ed.) (1997): "Itsenäisen Suomen kenraalikunta"
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