Sieges of Nagashima

The nihongo|Sieges of Nagashima|長島一向一揆|Nagashima Ikkō Ikki, taking place in 1571, 1573 and 1574, were part of Oda Nobunaga's campaigns against the Ikkō-ikki, arguably among his greatest enemies. Nagashima, in Owari Province along Japan's Pacific coast, was a series of fortresses and defensive works controlled by the Ikkō-ikki and surrounding their Ganshōji monastery. Oda Nobunaga attacked three times over the course of four years, before finally destroying Nagashima itself. These sieges were executed concurrently with Nobunaga's eleven-year siege against the Ikki's primary fortress of Ishiyama Hongan-ji.

First Siege of Nagashima (1571)

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=First Siege of Nagashima
partof=the Sengoku period


caption=
date=May 1571
place=Nagashima fortress, Owari Province
result=Ikkō-ikki victory.
combatant1=Ikkō-ikki
combatant2=Forces of Oda Nobunaga
commander1=Unknown/Various
commander2=Shibata Katsuie, Sakuma Nobumori
strength1=At least 20,000
strength2=At least 20,000
casualties1=
casualties2=

Nobunaga's troops made camp at Tsushima, to the northeast of Nagashima, on 16 May 1571. Separated from the Ikki's fortresses by a shallow but broad river, Nobunaga's commanders, Sakuma Nobumori and Shibata Katsuie, planned their attack upon the nearby "wajū", small island communities from which attacks on Ganshōji could be launched. These islands were defended from flooding by a complex series of dikes.

Nobunaga's forces attacked across the river, but their horses became stuck in the soft mud of the river bottom. The samurai that managed to drag themselves to shore while being fired on were further slowed by ropes stretched across stakes, which tripped up their horses further. Many were then drowned when the defenders opened a dike and flooded the area. Katsuie was injured, and many samurai were lost; this first attempt was a definite failure for Nobunaga. His men did manage to set a few villages aflame, however, as they withdrew.

econd Siege of Nagashima (1573)

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Second Siege of Nagashima
partof=the Sengoku period


caption=
date=July 1573
place=Nagashima fortress, Owari Province
result=Ikkō-ikki victory.
combatant1=Ikkō-ikki
combatant2=Forces of Oda Nobunaga
commander1=Unknown/Various
commander2=Oda Nobunaga, Sakuma Nobumori, Hashiba Hideyoshi
strength1=At least 20,000
strength2=80,000
casualties1=
casualties2=

Nobunaga returned to the matter of Nagashima in July 1573 with a sizable force, largely recruited from Ise province and containing a good number of arquebusiers. His fervor had been renewed by a successful campaign against the warrior monks of Mount Hiei. His commanders Sakuma Nobumori and Hashiba Hideyoshi (later to be known as Toyotomi Hideyoshi) led a diversionary force attacking from the west, while Nobunaga hoped for his own force to charge forward behind the gunners.

Unfortunately, despite the fame Nobunaga would later receive for his expert firearms tactics, this battle would turn out to be one of his more famous failures in that field. A rainstorm hit just as he was about to open the battle. The rain rendered 90% of the arquebuses useless and left his men in a terribly weak defensive position. The Ikkō-ikki troops immediately counter-attacked. They too are now known for their expertise with firearms, and their arquebuses were covered during the storm. The Ikki began firing as soon as the rain let up, and even came quite close to killing Nobunaga. He fell back, attempting to bring his own gunners to bear once more, but was forced to retreat.

The diversionary force, meanwhile, captured Yata castle, at the southern tip of the Nagashima complex, but they too were forced to withdraw after a successful Ikki counterattack.

Third Siege of Nagashima (1574)

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Third Siege of Nagashima
partof=the Sengoku period


caption=
date=1574
place=Nagashima fortress, Owari province
result=Oda victory; complete destruction of Nagashima complex
combatant1=Ikkō-ikki
combatant2=Forces of Oda Nobunaga
commander1=Unknown/Various
commander2=Oda Nobunaga, Kuki Yoshitaka
strength1=At least 20,000
strength2=Unknown
casualties1=Entire garrison killed
casualties2=Unknown

In 1574, Oda Nobunaga would finally succeed in destroying Nagashima, one of the primary fortresses of the Ikkō-ikki, who numbered among his most bitter enemies.

A fleet of ships led by Kuki Yoshitaka blockaded and bombarded the area, using cannon and fire arrows against the Ikki's wooden watchtowers. This blockade and naval support allowed Nobunaga to seized the outer forts of Nakae and Yanagashima, which in turn allowed him to control access to the west of the complex for the first time.

Eventually, the defenders were forced back by a three-pronged attack, into the fortified monasteries of Ganshōji and Nagashima. The Ikkō-ikki present numbered around 20,000 and they were now completely cut off from outside sources of food, water, and other supplies. As their situation worsened in July and August 1574, the Ikki's allies saw the prospects of relieving the siege worsen as well.

Nobunaga's men built a wooden wall from one outer fort to another, cutting the Ikkō-ikki off from the outside completely. A large wooden palisade was constructed and then set aflame, resulting in the complete destruction of the entire fortress complex; no one escaped or survived.

ee also

*Siege of Ishiyama Hongan-ji

References

*Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 'The Samurai Sourcebook'. London: Cassell & Co.