Padmapadacharya

Padmapadacharya (fl. 8th century CE) was an Indian philosopher, a follower of Adi Shankara.

Padmapāda's dates are unknown, but modern scholarship places his life around the middle of the 8th century; similarly information about him comes mainly from hagiographies. What is known for certain is that he was a direct disciple of Shankara, of whom he was a younger contemporary. Padmapāda, together with Sureśvara, developed ideas that led to the founding of the Vivarana school of commentators.

The only surviving work of Padmapāda known to be authentic is the "Pañcapādikā". According to tradition, this was written in response to Shankara's request for a commentary on his own "Brahmasūtrabhāsya", and once written was destroyed by a jealous uncle. The surviving text is supposed to be what Shankara could recall of the commentary; certainly, all that survives of the work is an extended gloss on the first four aphorisms.

"Pañcapādikā"

In this work Padmapāda develops a complete theory of knowledge on the basis of Shankara's notion of "adhyāsa" ("superimposition" — "the apparent presentation to consciousness of something as something else" [Grimes, p. 602] ). In developing, expanding, analysing, and criticising this notion, Padmapāda paved the way for the epistemology of Advaita Vedanta.

Also important is Padmapāda's "critique of difference"; he argued that the relationship between the "jīva" (the empirical self) and the "ātman" (the underlying, spiritual self) was that of reflection to prototype. According to this theory of reflection ("pratimbavāda"), the "jīva" is an appearance of absolute reality ("brahman"/"ātman") as reflected in ignorance.

This theory has the effect of moving from the view of Padmapāda's predecessors that the self was to be rejected as not "brahman" to the view that enlightenment brings an understanding that everything is "brahman": "Thus the "jīva" or 'face in the mirror' is none other than "Ātman" or the original face." (Grimes, p. 602) For Padmapāda, as for Shankara:

"the ascertainment of the essential Self is not so much a matter of a 'mystical' experience occurring in time as a matter of enquiry consisting of the careful and concentrated introspection of and reflection upon one's ordinary experience." (Comans, p. 213)

ources and further reading

Primary texts

*"The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda", trans. D. Venkatramiah, Gaekwad's Oriental Series 107 (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1948)
*"The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda", edd S. Srirama Sastri & S. R. Krishnamurthi Sastri (Madras: Madras Government Oriental Series 155, 1958)

econdary texts

*Michael Comans, "Later Vedānta" (in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam edd. "Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy". London: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-24038-7
*John Grimes, "Padmapāda" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.] . "A Companion to the Philosophers". Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. ISBN 0-631-22967-1)
*J. N. Mohanty, "Can the Self Become an Object? (Thoughts on "Śamkara's" statement: "nāyam ātmā ekāntena avisaya")", in his "Essays on Indian Philosophy", ed. Puroshottama Bilimoria. New Delhi: Oxford University press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-565878-7