Liverpool Castle

Infobox Historic building


caption=Artist's impression of the castle
name=Liverpool Castle
location_town=Liverpool, Merseyside
location_country=England
map_type=Merseyside
latitude=53.404934
longitude=-2.988891
architect=
client=William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby
engineer=
construction_start_date=1232
completion_date=1237
date_demolished=1726
cost=
structural_system=
style=Fortified manor house
size=

Liverpool Castle was a castle which was situated in Liverpool, England (gbmapping|SJ34269027).cite web |title=Liverpool Castle |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=67505 |publisher=Pastscape.org.uk Retrieved on 4 August 2008.] It stood from the early 13th century to the early 18th century.

Construction

It was probably erected in the 1230s, between 1232 and 1235 under the orders of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby. No record of the castle construction survive. Nearby in West Derby, there had long been a castle, which was taken by the Ferrers in 1232, by 1296 it lay in ruins. The castle was built to protect King John's new port of Liverpool and was sited at the top of modern day Lord Street, the highest point in the city and overlooking the Pool. This corresponds to present day Derby Square (Queen Victoria Monument) near the city centre.

Description

The castle was built on top a plateau, which had been specially constructed, and a moat measuring 20 yards (18 m) was cut out of solid rock. The main building of the castle consisted of the gatehouse flanked by two towers at the north-east corner which faced Castle Street; three round towers at the three remaining corners, one being added at a later date than the others, in 1442. Four curtain walls connected the four towers, the northern and southern wall were recessed to allow them to be commanded from the towers. Inside the castle were a hall and chapel, which were connected to the south-western tower, and a brewhouse and bakehouse. There was also a passage which ran under the moat toward the edge of the river. The courtyard was divided by a wall built running from the north wall to the south wall. Underneath the castle walls stood a dovecot and an orchard ran from the castle to the Pool in the east.

History

Upon the death of William de Ferrers in 1247, his son William inherited both Liverpool Castle and West Deby Castle. The heir to the title was Robert de Ferrers. He rebelled against King Henry III and was arrested and held in the Tower of London and then Windsor Castle. His lands and title were removed and taken back by the Crown. Henry III presented the land, along with Lancaster to his second son Edmund. Mary de Ferrers, wife of the forfeited earl and niece to the King was ordered to surrender the castle in July 1266. The lands was then held by Edmund and passed onto his successor Thomas.

It was under the administration of Thomas that Liverpool progressed steadily. The earl did not bestow much worth on the borough of Liverpool and in 1315, he granted the castle and the land to Robert de Holland. The creation of the patronage of Robert de Holland caused some unrest among other landowners, and on 25 Octobercite web|title=Standish History 1315|url=http://www.standish-history.org.uk/history.php?year=1315|publisher=Standish-history.org.uk|accessdate=2006-10-01] in the same year, Adam Banastre, Henry de Lea, and William de Bradshagh "(Bradshaw)" banded together and launched an attack on the castle, and were defeated within an hour. This is the only recorded attack on the castle to happen before the English Civil War. Between 1315 and 1323 the borough of Liverpool returned to the hands of the Crown. In 1323 King Edward II visited the town and lodged at the castle from 24 October to 30 October. Early in the reign of Edward III the king utilised Liverpool at a port of embarkation in his wars with Scotland and Ireland. In 1327 Edward ordered the constable of the castle to give shelter to men fleeing from the Scots. There was an inquisition into the land at Lancaster in 1367 that stated 'there is at Liverpull a certain Castle, the foss whereof and the herbage are worth by the year 2s., and there is a dovehouse under the Castle which is worth by the year 6s.8d.'.cite web|title=Mike Royden's Local History Pages|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm|publisher=Mike Royden|accessdate=2006-10-01]

Sir Richard Molyneux was appointed constable of the castle in 1440 and the title was made hereditary five years later. In 1442 the castle was strengthened by the addition of a fourth tower in the south-east corner to the cost of £46 13s 10¼d.'Liverpool: The castle and development of the town', "A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4" (1911), pp. 4–36. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41370. Retrieved on 4 August 2008.] On October 2 1559 the castle is stated as being 'in utter ruin and decay'. The Great Tower had a slate roof and it was suggested to be used as storage for the court rolls. It was decided that the castle would undergo repairs costing around £150, 'otherwaies it were a grate defacement unto the said towne of Litherpole'.

During the reign of Charles I the castle was seized by Lord Derby. In 1644 Prince Rupert and his men took the castle, which was later taken back by Sir John Moore. Protestant supporters of William of Orange seized the castle in 1689. On March 5 1704 the burgesses obtained a lease for the castle and its site from the Crown for fifty years. Lord Molyneux disputed this as he still claimed hereditary constableship. This delayed the settlement of the lease until 1726, when the last remaining ruins of the castle were removed. Finally in 1715 an Act was passed to demolish the castle and build a church in its place. Construction of St George's church begun on the site of the old castle and was consecrated in 1734. By 1825 the church had been pulled down and a new one built in its place. In 1899 the church was demolished and the Victoria Monument was erected in 1902. In 1976 excavation of the south side of Castle Street was conducted prior to the construction of the Crown Courts building which were built in the style of a castle.

Replica of Liverpool Castle

In the village of Rivington on the West Pennine Moors near Chorley there is a full-size replica of Liverpool Castle, in ruins. The replica was built in the early 1900s for the 1st Viscount Leverhulme and based on a partly conjectural reconstruction of the castle prepared by E. W. Cox in 1892. [cite journal|last=Cox|first=Edward W.|year=1892|title=An Attempt to Recover the Plans of the Castle of Liverpool from Authentic records; Considered in Connection with Medieval Principles of Defence and Construction|journal=Trans.Hist.Soc.Lancashire and Cheshire|volume=42|accessdate=2007-08-17]

References

External links

* [http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm Local history page about the history of the castle]