Stuart tank

Infobox Weapon
name=Light Tank M3A3 (Stuart V)


caption=M5A1 at Worthington Tank Museum
origin=United States
type=Light tank
is_vehicle=yes
length=4.5 m (14.8 ft)
width=2.46 m (8.1 ft)
height=2.3 m (7.5 ft)
weight=14.7 tonnes (32,400 lb)
suspension=Vertical volute spring
speed=58 km/h (36 mi/h) (road)
30 km/h (18 mi/h) (off-road)
vehicle_range=120 km (74 mi)
primary_armament=37 mm M6 in M44 mount
174 rounds
secondary_armament=3 x .30-06 Browning M1919A4 MG7,500 rounds
armour=13 - 51 mm
engine=air-cooled Continental-Wright radial petrol
crew=4 (Commander, gunner, driver, co-driver)
engine_power=250 hp (186 kW)
pw_ratio= 17.82 hp/tonne

The Light Tank M3 was an American light tank of World War II in use with British and Commonwealth forces prior to the entry of the USA into the European theatre. The name General Stuart or Stuart given by the British comes from the American Civil War General J.E.B. Stuart and was used for both the M3 and M5 Light Tank; in British service it also had the unofficial nickname of Honey. To the United States Army the tanks were officially known only as Light Tank M3 and Light Tank M5.

History

Observing events in Europe, American tank designers realized that the Light Tank M2 was becoming obsolete and set about improving it. The upgraded design, with thicker armor, modified suspension and new gun recoil system was called "Light Tank M3". Production of the vehicle started in March 1941 and continued until October 1943. Like its direct predecessor M2A4, the M3 was armed with a 37 mm M5 gun and 5 .30-06 Browning M1919A4 machine guns: coaxial with the gun, on top of the turret in an M20 AA mount, in a ball mount in right bow, in the right and left hull sponsons.

To relieve the demand for the radial aero-engines used in the M3, a new version was developed using twin Cadillac automobile engines. The new model (initially called M4 but redesignated M5 to avoid confusion with the M4 Sherman) also featured a redesigned hull with sloped glacis plate and driver's hatches moved to the top. Although the main criticism from the using units was that the Stuarts lacked firepower, the improved M5 series kept the same 37 mm gun. The M5 gradually replaced the M3 in production from 1942 and was in turn succeeded by the Light Tank M24 in 1944.

Combat history

The British Army was the first to use the Light Tank M3 as the "General Stuart" in combat. In November 1941, some 170 Stuarts took part in Operation Crusader. The results were mostly disappointing. Although the high losses suffered by Stuart-equipped units during the operation had more to do with better tactics and training of the Afrika Korps than with any superiority of German vehicles in the North African campaign, the operation revealed that the M3 lagged behind enemy tanks. Mentioned in the British complaints were the 37 mm M5 gun - too weak by the standards of 1941 - and poor internal layout. The two-man turret crew was a significant weakness, and some British units tried to fight with three-man turret crews. On the positive side, crews liked its quickness and mechanical reliability, hence its unofficial nickname of "Honey". The high speed and high reliability distinguished the Stuart from British cruiser tanks of the period. From the summer of 1942, when enough US medium tanks had been received, the British usually kept Stuarts out of the main battlefront, using them primarily for reconnaissance. The turret was removed from some tanks to save weight and improve speed and range. These vehicles became known as "Stuart Recce". Some others were converted to armored personnel carriers and were known as "Stuart Kangaroo", and some were converted command vehicles and known as "Stuart Command". M3s, M3A3s, and M5s continued in British service until the end of the war, but British armor units had a smaller proportion of these light tanks than US units.

The other major lend-lease recipient of the M3, the Soviet Union, was even less happy with the tank, considering it undergunned, underarmored, likely to catch fire and too sensitive to fuel quality. The radial aircraft engine used in the M3 required high-octane fuel. However, the M3 was superior to early-war Soviet light tanks such as the T-60. In 1943, the Red Army tried out the M5 and decided that the upgraded design wasn't much better than the M3. Being less desperate than in 1941, the Soviets turned down an American offer to supply the M5. M3s continued in Red Army service at least until 1944.

In U.S. Army service, the M3 first saw combat in the Philippines. A small number fought in the Bataan peninsula campaign. When the American army joined the North African Campaign in late 1942, Stuart units still formed a large part of its armor strength. After the disastrous Battle of the Kasserine Pass, where M3s and M5s faced German Panzer IVs and heavy Tigers, the US quickly followed the "British route", disbanding most of their light tank battalions and including one company of Stuarts to medium tank battalions, to act as scouting and screening units. For the rest of the war, most US tank battalions had three companies of medium tanks (normally the medium Tank M4) and one company of M3s or M5/M5A1s.

In the European theater, the light tanks had to be given secondary roles since they could not survive against most enemy AFVs. The only place where the Stuart was still adequate was the Pacific Theater, as Japanese tanks were both relatively rare and, when met, were weakly armored and armed. Japanese infantrymen were poorly equipped with anti-tank weapons and tended to attack tanks using close-assault tactics. In this environment, the Stuart was only moderately more vulnerable than medium tanks.

However, the number of M3s/M5s produced was so great (over 25,000 including the 75 mm HMC M8), that the tank remained in service until the end of the war. In addition to USA, United Kingdom and USSR, it was also used by France, China and Tito's partisans in Yugoslavia (M3A3s and few M3A1).

After the war, some countries chose to equip their armies with cheap and reliable Stuarts. The M5 played a significant role in the First Kashmir War (1947) between India and Pakistan, including the battle of Zoji-la pass at an incredible altitude of nearly 12,000 ft. The vehicle remained in service in several South American countries at least until 1996.

During the 60s and 70s, the Portuguese Army also used some in the war in Angola, where its all terrain capability (compared to wheeled vehicles) and fire power were greatly appreciated.

Variants

US variants

*M3 (British designation "Stuart I"). 5,811 vehicles were produced.
**Some M3s had Guiberson diesel installed and were called "Stuart II" by British.
**Late production M3s were fitted with turret developed for M3A1, though without turret basket. These tanks were dubbed "Stuart Hybrid".
*M3A1 (Stuart III). 4,621 produced.
**New turret with turret basket and no cupola. Gun vertical stabilizer installed. Sponson machine guns were removed.
**M3A1s with Guiberson diesel were called "Stuart IV" by British.
*M3A3 (Stuart V). 3,427 produced.
**Put into production to integrate hull improvements brought by the M5 into the M3 series. Turret with rear overhang to house radio. Welded hull with sloped armor on front and sides.
*M5 (Stuart VI). 2,075 produced.
**Twin Cadillac engines. Redesigned hull similar to M3A3, but with vertical sides and raised engine deck. Turret as for M3A1.
*M5A1 (Stuart VI). 6,810 produced.
**M5 with the turret of the M3A3; this was the major variant in US units by 1943.
*75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8. 1,778 units produced.
**Based on M5 chassis. The gun was replaced with the 75 mm M2/M3 howitzer in open turret and a trailer hook was fitted so an ammunition trailer could be towed. Provided fire support to cavalry reconnaissance squadrons.
*75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8A1.
**M8 HMC variant based on M5A1 chassis.
*T18 75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage.
**Self-propelled gun based on M3 chassis. 75 mm M1A1 pack howitzer was mounted in a boxy superestructure. The project started in September 1941 and was abandoned in April 1942. Only two were produced, "75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8" was chosen to be produced instead.
*T82 Howitzer Motor Carriage.
**Self-propelled 105 mm howitzer based on M5A1 chassis. Canceled in 1945.
*T56 3in Gun Motor Carriage.
**Self-propelled gun based on M3A3 chassis. The engine was moved to the middle of the hull and a 3-inch gun was mounted in a superstructure in the rear. The project started in September 1942 and was abandoned in February 1943.
*T57 3in Gun Motor Carriage.
**Variant of T56 with Continental engine of the Medium Tank M3. Also dropped in February 1943.
*T27 / T27E1 81 mm Mortar Motor Carriage.
**M5A1 with turret replaced by superstructure in which an 81 mm mortar was installed. Also carried .50 cal Browning M2HB machine gun. The project was abandoned in April 1944 because of inadequate crew and storage space.
*T29 4.2in Mortar Motor Carriage.
**Design similar to T27, with 4.2 inch (107 mm) mortar. Was abandoned for the same reason.
*T81 Chemical Mortar Motor Carriage
**M5A1-based 4.2 inch (107 mm) chemical mortar carrier.
*M3 with Maxson Turret.
**Anti-aircraft variant developed in 1942. Was armed with four .50 cal. machine guns in a turret developed by Maxson Corp.. The project was rejected because of the availability of the M16 MGMC.
*40 mm Gun Motor Carriage T65.
**Anti-aircraft vehicle based on lengthened M5A1. Was armed with Bofors 40 mm gun. Was ordered into production, but on Light Tank M24 chassis, so became the M19 Gun Motor Carriage.
*20 mm Multiple Gun Motor Carriage T85.
**Anti-aircraft vehicle based on same chassis as T65 (M5A1). Was armed with quad Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.
*M3 / M5 Command Tank.
**M3 / M5 with turret replaced by small superstructure with a .50 cal. machine gun.
*T8 Reconnaissance Vehicle.
**M5 with turret removed and mounting for .50 cal machine gun.
*M3 with T2 Light Mine Exploder.
**Developed in 1942, was rejected.
*M3/M3A1 with Satan Flame-gun.
**Flame thrower was installed instead of the main gun. 20 tanks were converted for US Marine Corps in 1943.
*M5A1 with E5R1-M3 Flame Gun.
**Flame thrower was installed instead of the hull machine gun.
*M3A1 with E5R2-M3 Flame-gun.
**Flame thrower was installed in place of hull machine gun.
*M5 Dozer.
**M5 with dozer blade. Turret was usually removed.
*M5 with T39 Rocket Launcher.
**T39 launcher with 20 7.2" rockets mounted on the top of the turret. Never reached production.
*M5A1 with E7-7 Flame Gun.
**Flame thrower was installed instead of the main gun.
*M5A1 with E9-9 Flame-throwing equipment.
**Prototype only.
*M5A1 with E8 Flame-gun.
**Turret replaced by boxy superstructure with flame thrower in a smaller turret. Prototype only.

UK variants

*Stuart Kangaroo.
**Armored personnel carrier used by the British Army. Based on turretless Stuart. Additional seats were installed.
*Stuart Recce.
**Reconnaissance vehicle based on turretless Stuart.
*Stuart Command.
**Kangaroo with extra radios.

Brazilian variants

In 1970s Brazilian company Bernardini developed a series of radical Stuart upgrades for the Brazilian Army.
*X1A.
**Based on M3A1, this design had new engine (280 hp Saab-Scania diesel), improved suspension, new upper hull armor, fire controls and DEFA 90 mm gun in a new turret. 80 vehicles were produced.
*X1A1.
**An X1A with improved suspension with three bogies (instead of two) each side and raised idler. Didn't reach production.
*X1A2.
**Based on the X1A1, this version retained almost nothing of the original Stuart as even its hull was redesigned. The vehicle weighed 19 tons, had crew of 3, was armed with 90 mm gun and powered by Saab-Scania 300 hp diesel. 30 vehicles were produced in 1979-1983.

Operators

flagicon|Australia Australia
flagicon|Belgium Belgium
flagicon|Brazil Brazil
flagicon|Canada Canada
flagicon|Chile Chile
flagicon|Republic of China Republic of China
flagicon|Colombia Colombia
flagicon|Cuba Cuba
flagicon|Ecuador Ecuador
flagicon|El Salvador El Salvador
flagicon|France France
flagicon|Greece Greece
flagicon|India India
flagicon|Indonesia Indonesia
flagicon|Italy Italy
flagicon|Mexico Mexico
flagicon|Netherlands Netherlands
flagicon|New Zealand New Zealand
flagicon|Paraguay Paraguay
flagicon|Philippines Philippines
flagicon|Portugal Portugal
flagicon|Turkey Turkey
flagicon|United Kingdom UK
flagicon|Uruguay Uruguay
flagicon|United States USA
flagicon|USSR USSR
flagicon|Venezuela Venezuela
flagicon|Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
flagicon|Dominican RepublicDominican Republic

In the media

A heavily modified M5A1 Stuart was featured in the movie Tank Girl as the eponymous heroine's tank.

Modified Stuarts were used in the movie "Attack!" as German tanks.

"The Haunted Tank" was a DC Comics feature in its title GI Combat starring an M3 Stuart scout tank commanded by Lieutenant Jeb Stuart, a direct descendent and namesake of the great Civil War cavalry general. The tank was haunted by the Confederate officer, who would appear to warn his kinsman of impending danger or offer usually cryptic advice on how to handle a combat action. The duration of the feature's run is second only to that of "Sgt. Rock" in the DC war comic book line.

In Sgt Matt Baker's best friend, Sgt Risner commands an M5A1 Stuart tank.In and Call of Duty 3 Stuart tanks also make appearances, though their performances shift between the two games. It is also one of the British units in Where it is most useful against light vehicles and infantry.

ee also

*List of "M" series military vehicles

References

*Steven Zaloga, "M3 & M5 Stuart Light Tank 1940-45" (Osprey New Vanguard 33).
*Crisp, Robert Major, "Brazen Chariots" (Ballantine Books, NY, NY 1961 Lib. Congress No. 60-5845)- Maj. Crisp's Story of British M3 Honeys in N.Africa campaign 1941 near Tobruk.

External links

* [http://www.thetankmaster.com/ENGLISH/AFV/M5A1_1.asp M5A1 STUART - AMERICAN LIGHT TANK – Walk around photos]
* [http://www.tanksrus.freeserve.co.uk M3A3 Stuart] One of the rarest Stuarts.
* [http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m3stuart.html AFV Database] ( [http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/pics/m3stuart.html Pictures] )
*OnWar: [http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm3.htm M3 Stuart] [http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm3a1.htm M3A1 Stuart] [http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm3a3.htm M3A3 Stuart] [http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm5a1.htm M5A1 Stuart]
* [http://www.wwiivehicles.com/usa/tanks-light/m3-m5.asp WWII Vehicles]
* [http://www.geocities.com/nasenoviny/StuartEN.html Nase noviny - The M3/M5 (Honey/Stuart) Light Tank]
* [http://inventabrasilnet.t5.com.br/x1a.htm Brazilian X1A series tanks]
* [http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/ligh/m3/m3.htm M3] & [http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/ligh/m5/m5.htm M5] variants photo galleries at ww2photo.mimerswell.com
* [http://gva.freeweb.hu/weapons/usa_guns2.html Armor penetration table of US 37 mm guns]
* [http://www.primeportal.net/tanks/m5a1_stuart.htm M5A1 Stuart Light Tank Photos and Walk Arounds on Prime Portal]
* [http://www.cavaleriemuseum.nl Dutch Cavalry Museum] has a Stuart tank M3A1 in the exposition.