Streptomyces clavuligerus

Taxobox
color = lightgrey
name = "Streptomyces clavuligerus"
regnum = Bacteria
phylum =Actinobacteria
classis =
ordo = Actinomycetales
familia = Streptomycetaceae
genus = "Streptomyces"
species = "S. clavuligerus"
binomial = "Streptomyces clavuligerus"
binomial_authority = Higgens & Kastner 1971

"Streptomyces clavuligerus" is a species of Gram positive bacterium that produces clavulanic acid.cite journal |author=Reading C, Cole M |title=Clavulanic acid: a beta-lactamase-inhiting beta-lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus |journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=852–7 |year=1977 |pmid=879738]

"S. clavuligerus" ATCC 27064 (NRRL 3585, DSM 738) was first described by Higgens and Kastner who isolated it from a South American soil sample.cite journal | author = Higgens CE, Kastner RE | title = Streptomyces clavuligerus sp. nov., a beta-lactam antibiotic producer | journal = International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology | year = 1971 | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 326–31 | url= ] Its name refers to the shape of its spore-bearing hyphal branches: "clavula" in Latin means "little club" and the suffix "-igerus" means "bearing". "S. clavuligerus" spores are gray to grayish green.

"S. clavuligerus" produces over 20 secondary metabolites, including many beta-lactam antibiotics such as clavulanic acid, cephamycin C, deacetoxycephalosporin C, penicillin N (an intermediate in cephamycin C pathway) and at least four other clavams.cite journal | author = Nabais AMA, Dafonseca MMR | title = The Effect of Solid Medium Composition on Growth and Sporulation of Streptomyces-Clavuligerus - Spore Viability During Storage at +4-Degrees-C. | journal = Biotechnology Techniques | year = 1995 | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 361–4 | url= | doi = 10.1007/BF00638871 ] cite journal |author=Tahlan K, Anders C, Jensen S |title=The paralogous pairs of genes involved in clavulanic acid and clavam metabolite biosynthesis are differently regulated in Streptomyces clavuligerus |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=186 |issue=18 |pages=6286–97 |year=2004 |pmid=15342599 |doi=10.1128/JB.186.18.6286-6297.2004] Non-β-lactam antibiotics include holomycin and an antibiotic complex, MM 19290, related to tunicamycin;cite journal |author=Baggaley K, Brown A, Schofield C |title=Chemistry and biosynthesis of clavulanic acid and other clavams |journal=Nat Prod Rep |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=309–33 |year=1997 |pmid=9281835 |doi=10.1039/np9971400309] a beta-lactamase-inhibitory protein (BLIP) has also been described.cite journal |author=Doran J, Leskiw B, Aippersbach S, Jensen S |title=Isolation and characterization of a beta-lactamase-inhibitory protein from Streptomyces clavuligerus and cloning and analysis of the corresponding gene |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=172 |issue=9 |pages=4909–18 |year=1990 |pmid=2203736]

Another important characteristic of "S. clavuligerus" is that it is not able to use glucose as a carbon source, because it lacks a glucose transport system.cite journal |author=Aharonowitz Y, Demain A |title=Carbon catabolite regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus |journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=159–64 |year=1978 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=697343| pmid=697343] cite journal |author=Garcia-Dominguez M, Martin J, Liras P |title=Characterization of sugar uptake in wild-type Streptomyces clavuligerus, which is impaired in glucose uptake, and in a glucose-utilizing mutant |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=171 |issue=12 |pages=6808–14 |year=1989 |pmid=2687256]

It also possesses all the enzymes of the urea cycle, which is unusual for a prokaryote, although it is not clear if the urea cycle is functional.cite paper | author = Kirk S | title = The physiology of clavulanic acid production by "Streptomyces clavuligerus" (PhD thesis) | publisher = University of Surrey, UK | date = 2000 ]

References

External links

*cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1901&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Taxonomy Browser ("Streptomyces clavuligerus") |publisher=NCBI |accessdate=2006-08-16