Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) of the United States Constitution establishes some of the details dealing with the beginning and ending of the terms of the elected federal officials. Additionally, the Amendment deals with scenarios in which the President-elect, alone or together with the Vice President-elect, is not able to take office, or in which there is no President-elect.

Text

:"Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

:"Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

:"Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

:"Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

:"Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

:"Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

History

The purpose of the amendment was to reduce the amount of time between the election of the President and Congress and the beginning of their terms. Originally, the terms of the President, the Vice President, and the Congress began on March 4, four months after the elections were held. While this lapse was a practical necessity during the 18th century, at which time a newly elected official might need several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake the arduous journey from his home to the national capital, it had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age. This was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, as Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt each had to wait approximately four months before they could deal with the crisis conditions the country was in.

Originally, under Article I, Section 4, Clause 2, the Congress was required to convene at least once each year in December. That resulted in a mandatory lame duck session following each election.

The amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933. Because of Section 5, Sections 1 and 2 did not take effect until October 15, 1933. Section 5 resulted in the date of the first meeting of the 73rd Congress and the inauguration date of President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner not being affected by the amendment.

On February 15, 1933, only 23 days after this amendment was ratified, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara. If the attempt had been successful then, pursuant to Section 3, John Nance Garner would have been sworn in as President on Inauguration Day (March 4, 1933).

The first Congressional terms to begin under Section 1 were those of the 74th Congress on January 3, 1935. The first terms of President and Vice President to begin under Section 1 were those of President Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner on January 20, 1937.

Proposal and ratification

Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2, 1932. [cite web| url = http://www.usconstitution.net/constamrat.html| title = Ratification of Constitutional Amendments| accessmonthday = Feb 24| accessyear = 2007| last = Mount| first = Steve| year = 2007| month = Jan] The following states ratified the amendment:
# Virginia (March 4, 1932)
# New York (March 11, 1932)
# Mississippi (March 16, 1932)
# Arkansas (March 17, 1932)
# Kentucky (March 17, 1932)
# New Jersey (March 21, 1932)
# South Carolina (March 25, 1932)
# Michigan (March 31, 1932)
# Maine (April 1, 1932)
# Rhode Island (April 14, 1932)
# Illinois (April 21, 1932)
# Louisiana (June 22, 1932)
# West Virginia (July 30, 1932)
# Pennsylvania (August 11, 1932)
# Indiana (August 15, 1932)
# Texas (September 7, 1932)
# Alabama (September 13, 1932)
# California (January 4, 1933)
# North Carolina (January 5, 1933)
# North Dakota (January 9, 1933)
# Minnesota (January 12, 1933)
# Arizona (January 13, 1933)
# Montana (January 13, 1933)
# Nebraska (January 13, 1933)
# Oklahoma (January 13, 1933)
# Kansas (January 16, 1933)
# Oregon (January 16, 1933)
# Delaware (January 19, 1933)
# Washington (January 19, 1933)
# Wyoming (January 19, 1933)
# Iowa (January 20, 1933)
# South Dakota (January 20, 1933)
# Tennessee (January 20, 1933)
# Idaho (January 21, 1933)
# New Mexico (January 21, 1933)
# Georgia (January 23, 1933)
# Missouri (January 23, 1933)
# Ohio (January 23, 1933)
# Utah (January 23, 1933)Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
# Massachusetts (January 24, 1933)
# Wisconsin (January 24, 1933)
# Colorado (January 24, 1933)
# Nevada (January 26, 1933)
# Connecticut (January 27, 1933)
# New Hampshire (January 31, 1933)
# Vermont (February 2, 1933)
# Maryland (March 24, 1933)
# Florida (April 26, 1933)

References

External links

* [http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html#20 National Archives: Twentieth Amendment]
* [http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt20toc_user.html CRS Annotated Constitution: Twentieth Amendment]