Yukos

Infobox_Company
company_name = Yukos Oil Company
company_
company_type = Public
foundation = 1993
dissolved = 2007
location = Moscow, Russia
key_people = Steven M. Theede Chairman and CEO
Mikhail Khodorkovsky
industry = Oil and Gas

Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС) was a petroleum company in Russia which, until recently, was controlled by Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a number of prominent Russian businessmen. Khodorkovsky was convicted and sent to prison. Yukos headquarters was located in Moscow. On August 1, 2006, a Russian court declared Yukos bankrupt [cite news |title=Yukos Creditors Told Russian Oil Company Is Doomed |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a.CwLx2HL1ps&refer=europe |date=2006-07-25 |accessdate=2008-08-31 ] .

History

The company was created on April 15, 1993 by Resolution №. 354 of the Russian government and consisted of the following enterprises: a Western Siberian oil extraction enterprise Yuganskneftegaz and oil refineries in Samara Oblast: Novokuybyshevsk NPZ, Kuybyshev NPZ and Syzran NPZ (NPZ stands for NeftePererabatyvayushchy Zavod, literally "petroleum processing plant"). In 1995, decree №. 864 of the Russian government added Samaraneftegaz to Yukos.

Its Russian abbreviation ЮКОС comes from the names of the main entities that initially comprised the company: Юганскнефтегаз (Yuganskneftegaz: Nefteyugansk + petroleum + gas) and КуйбышевнефтеОргСинтез (Kuybyshevnefteorgsintez: Kuybyshev + petroleum + organical synthesis).

Yukos was one of the world's largest non-state oil companies, producing 20% of Russian oil—about 2% of world production. Its assets were acquired in controversial circumstances from the Russian Government during the privatization process of the early 1990s. The initial period of "oligarchic privatization" was characterized by bloodshed, and Yukos was certainly no exception. Alexei Pichugin, the former Security Chief of Yukos, has been convicted on multiple counts of murder [cite news |title=Jail term for Yukos security boss |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4393003.stm |date=2005-03-30 |accessdate=2008-08-31 |publisher=BBC News ] and attempted murder, and is now under investigation along with Yukos partner Nevzlin for the shooting death of Vladimir Petukhov, the mayor of the Yugansk oil province and a vehement opponent of Yukos, on Khodorkovsky's birthday in 1998. Lawyers for Pichugin and Nevzlin, who lives in self-imposed exile in Israel, say that both the charges and the new investigation are politically motivated.

The main stockholders own the company via the offshore holding company Menatep.

In April 2003, Yukos agreed to a merger with Sibneft, but the merger was soon undone in the aftermath of the arrest of Yukos CEO Khodorkovsky in October, 2003.

Tax claims

In July 2004, Yukos was charged with tax evasion, for an amount of over US$7 billion. The Russian government accused the company of misusing tax havens inside Russia in the 1990s so as to reduce its tax burden; havens were set up by most major oil producers in outlying areas of Russia which had been granted special tax status to assist in their economic development; such "onshore-offshore" were used to evade profit taxes, resulting in Yukos having an effective tax rate of 11%, vs a statutory rate of 30% at the time. Yukos claims its actions were legal at the time. Yukos subsidiaries also declared the oil they produced to be "oil-containing liquids" [cite news |title=Manager of Yukos' "daughter" admitted tax evasion |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2005/09/12/samara/ |date=2005-09-12 |language=Russian |accessdate=2008-08-31 ] to avoid paying full taxes. A general crackdown on such tax evasion practices began with Putin's presidency, with numerous companies closing or purchasing their trading vehicles. It is widely believed that Yukos severe treatment at the hands of the tax authorities was due to its attempt to purchase a large block of Duma deputies so as to block oil tax reform legislation.

In a move to prevent bankruptcy, management made a friendly offer to the government to pay 8 billion dollars in a period of three years.

A management presentation from December 2004 shows that the tax claims put the "total tax burden" for 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 at 67%, 105%, 111%, and 83% of the company's declared revenue during those years. As a comparison, the annual tax bill of Gazprom is about $4 billion on 2003 revenues of $28.867 billion.

Yukos parent company, the Menatep group, lobbied extensively and successfully to influence Western public opinion, retaining Margery Kraus of APCO [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3228715.stm] who successfully pushed through resolutions inter alia before the US House of Representatives and the Council of Europe.

According to a resolution [cite web |title=Resolution 1418 (2005): The circumstances surrounding the arrest and prosecution of leading Yukos executives |url=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA05/ERES1418.htm |publisher=Council of Europe |date=2005-01-25 |accessdate=2008-08-31 ] of the Council of Europe,

: "Intimidating action by different law-enforcement agencies against Yukos and its business partners and other institutions linked to Mr Khodorkovsky and his associates and the careful preparation of this action in terms of public relations, taken together, give a picture of a co-ordinated attack by the state."

: This "raises serious issues pertaining to the principle of" nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege "laid down in Article 7 of the ECHR and also to the right to the protection of property laid down in Article 1 of the Additional Protocol to the ECHR."

: "The circumstances of the sale by auction of Yuganskneftegaz to “Baikal Finance Group” and the swift takeover of the latter by state-owned Rosneft raises additional issues related to the protection of property (ECHR, Additional Protocol, Article 1). This concerns both the circumstances of the auction itself, resulting in a price far below the fair market-value, and the way Yukos was forced to sell off its principal asset, by way of trumped-up tax reassessments leading to a total tax burden far exceeding that of Yukos’s competitors, and for 2002 even exceeding Yukos’ total revenue for that year."

Bankruptcy

On 15 December 2005, based on a bank deposit of $4M and its American CEO's Houston home, Yukos filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States, estimating its assets at $12.3 billion and its debts at $30.8 billion, including "alleged taxes owed to the Russian government". It accused the Russian authorities of "an unprecedented campaign of illegal, discriminatory, and disproportionate tax claims escalating into raids and confiscations, culminating in intimidation and arrests". After several weeks of deliberation, the Houston court declared that under no conceivable theory could Yukos assert domicile in the US.

On 25 July 2006, the creditors of Yukos decided to file for bankruptcy after the bankruptcy manager stated that the company should be liquidated.cite news |title=Creditors vote to bankrupt Yukos |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5212570.stm |date=2006-07-25 |accessdate=2008-08-31 ]

Forced sale of assets

In the Western media and the Russian opposition media the high-profile arrest of Khodorkovsky is usually attributed to his activism in the Russian political process. [cite news | title=Profile:Mikhail Khodorkovsky | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3213505.stm | publisher=BBC News | date=2004-06-16 | accessdate=2005-12-11 ] [cite news | author=Erin E. Arvedlund | title=Pressure Builds in Kremlin Vs. Oil Giant| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EEDE173BF935A35754C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | publisher=New York Times | date=2004-07-06 | accessdate=2005-12-11] [cite news | author=Steven Lee Myers | coauthors=Erin E. Arvedlund | title=Oil Tycoon's Arrest Scares Russian Markets | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9804E2DC1E31F93BA15753C1A9659C8B63 | publisher=New York Times | date=2003-10-28 | accessdate=2005-12-11 ] On October 31, 2003, shortly after the arrest of the company's CEO, the Russian government froze ownership of 44% of the company's shares. The reason given was to prevent a group of shareholders led by Khodorkovsky from selling a large stake of the company to the US oil firm Exxon.

A Yukos shareholders' meeting scheduled for December 20, 2004 was to discuss a "crisis plan." A Russian company must hold such a meeting before it can apply for bankruptcy in Russia. The Russian Government sold Yukos's main production unit, "Yuganskneftegas", at auction on December 19, 2004 to recover some of $28 billion in alleged tax debts, following the loss of an appeal by the firm.

Menatep, the company representing Mikhail Khodorkovsky, promised to challenge the sale's legality in a number of countries, and to sue the buyer and any company helping to fund the deal. The expected buyer was the 38% Russian state owned company OAO Gazprom. Some European and American oil firms decided not to bid.

On December 19, 2004, the Baikalfinansgrup won the auction for Yukos's subsidiary Yuganskneftegas with a 260.75 billion rubles ($9.4 billion) bid. Yuganskneftegas was a few months earlier valued at between $15 billion and $17 billion by DrKW which the Russian government hired to value the subsidiary.

Suggested financiers to the Baikal Finance Group are Gazprom, Sberbank, the Russian central bank, China National Petroleum Corporation, and ONGC (India). The reason for this arrangement may be that Gazprom feared international legal action against it after a Houston, Texas court ruling that barred Gazprom from bidding for the unit. This ruling was subsequently vacated.

According to people familiar with the auction only two bidders registered for, and were present during, the auction process: Baikalfinansgrup and Gazprom's former oil unit Gazpromneft. Accounts from the auction say that the first bid of $8.6 billion came from Baikal. When the auctioneer asked Gazpromneft to offer its price, a representative of the company asked to make a telephone call and left the room. A few minutes earlier, the auctioneer had told participants that using a mobile phone or leaving the room was against the rules. When a Gazpromneft representative returned to the room, Baikal made a bid of $9.3 billion. Gazpromneft never placed a bid or spoke out.

In the course of these events the value of Yukos shares plunged.

Management

*CEO: Steven M. Theede
*CFO: Bruce K. Misamore
*Chairman of the board: Viktor Gerashchenko

By mid-December, 2004, all members of the board of Yukos, and most of the company's senior managers, had left Russia, some of them because of "fear of arrest" after being "summoned for questioning by prosecutors". According to a December, 2004, Houston, Texas court filing the CFO resides in Houston. According to a company spokeswoman the CEO resides in London, UK as of December, 2004.

According to the Moscow Times of Friday, February 4, 2005, Issue 3099, Page 5, Mikhail Brudno and Vladimir Dubov fled to Israel in 2003, and were seen on February 2, 2005 in Washington, D.C. at an official function of George W. Bush. [cite news |title=Yukos Fugitives Feted in U.S. |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/02/04/043.html |date=2005-02-04 ] Both men are cited in an international arrest warrant regarding their involvement in the Yukos tax case. Leonid Nevzlin, a former Yukos CEO also now living in Israel, is sought on several counts of murder and attempted murder and is also stated by Russian authorities to be a suspect in the poisoning death of Alexander Litvinenko [cite news |title=Russia fingers Israeli fugitive in radiation poison probe |url=http://www.breitbart.com/news/2006/12/28/061228091432.idx7son5.html |date=2005-12-28 |accessdate=2008-08-31 ] .

On Wednesday 6 April 2006, the company's Executive Vice Predisent, Vasily Aleksanyan, was arrested just six days into his new role. [cite news |title=Top Yukos official Aleksanyan detained in Moscow |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20060406/45394467.html |date=2006-04-06 |accessdate=2008-08-31 ] Yukos commented on its web site that, "We can only assume that this action against him is a direct result of his accepting a position to work to protect Yukos Oil Company and its legitimate stakeholders."

The next month, it was reported that some individuals established themselves as the "New Management" of Yukos. However, this was apparently an illegal act, as Yukos "emphatically rejects" the legitimacy of the "new management" which has VinokurovWho|date=July 2007 as President. According to Yukos, these individuals are "loyal to Rosneft" and have as goal the downfall of Yukos.

In July 2006, one week before creditors would vote if they should file for bankruptcy, Steven Theede resigned his function because he believed the outcome of this vote was already fixed and therefore this meeting would qualify as a "sham".

ee also

*Eminent domain
* Oil price increases since 2003

References

External links

Data

* [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/53/53700.html Yahoo! - OAO NK Yukos company profile]

Articles

* [http://www.osw.waw.pl/files/PRACE_25.pdf Report: The Yukos Affair, its Motives and Implications (Centre for Eastern Studies)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4487245.stm Khodorkovsky verdict: Business views Browder and Kraus]
* [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/6bd7c360-51bc-11d9-961a-00000e2511c8.html FT.com / Industries / Energy & mining - Mysterious bidder pays $9.4 billion for Yukos unit]
* [http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20041219-013827-7595r.htm Analysis: Gazprom's losing bid for Yukos? - (United Press International)]
* [http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?StoryId=CqB5ZueicuLvtu0LblvLvs09t Knight Ridder: Russia's dismantling of Yukos seen as part of a troubling trend]
* [http://washingtontimes.com/world/20031102-111400-3720r.htm Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker Jacob Rothschild - (The Washington Times)]
* [http://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/members/articles/welcome.asp?key=918&n_key=15 Matteo M. Winkler, Arbitration without Privity and the Russian Oil: The Yukos Case before the Houston Court, already pub'ed in 27 U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L. 115-153 (2006)]