James Parkinson

Infobox Scientist
name = James Parkinson
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caption = James Parkinson
birth_date = April 11, 1755
birth_place = Shoreditch, London
death_date = December 21, 1824 (aged 69)
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nationality = English
ethnicity =
field = physician, geologist, paleontologist
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doctoral_students =
known_for = discovered Parkinson's disease
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:"James Parkinson may also refer to James Parkinson (1730-1813), the museum proprietor and land agent."James Parkinson (April 11, 1755 – December 21, 1824) was an English physician, geologist, paleontologist, and political activist. He is most famous for his 1817 work, " [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-98765 An Essay on the Shaking Palsy] ", in which he was the first to describe "paralysis agitans", a condition that would later be named Parkinson's disease after him.

Early life

James Parkinson was born in Shoreditch, London, England. He was the son of John Parkinson, an apothecary and surgeon practising in Hoxton Square in London. In 1784 James Parkinson was approved by the City of London Corporation as a surgeon.

On May 21, 1783, he married Mary Dale, with whom he subsequently had six children. Soon after he was married, James Parkinson succeeded his father in his practice in 1, Hoxton Square. He believed that any worthwhile physician should know shorthand, at which he was adept.

Politics

In addition to his flourishing medical practice, Parkinson had an avid interest in geology and paleontology, as well as the politics of the day.

Parkinson was a strong advocate for the under-privileged, and an outspoken critic of the Pitt-government. His early career was marred by his being involved in a variety of social and revolutionary causes, and some historians think it most likely that he was a strong proponent for the French Revolution. He published nearly twenty political pamphlets in the post-French Revolution period, whilst Britain was in political chaos. Writing under his own name and his pseudonym "Old Hubert", he called for radical social reforms.

James Parkinson called for representation of the people in the House of Commons, the institution of annual parliaments, and universal suffrage. He was a member of several secret political societies, including the London Corresponding Society for Reform of Parliamentary Representation. In 1794 his membership in the organization led to his being examined under oath before the Privy Council to give evidence about a plot to assassinate King George III. He refused to testify regarding his part in "The Pop-Gun Plot", until he was certain he would not be forced to incriminate himself. The plan was to use a poisoned dart fired from a "pop gun" to bring the king's reign to a premature conclusion. Fortunately for Parkinson, the whole affair was soon forgotten, and no charges were ever brought against him.

Medicine

Parkinson turned away from his tumultuous political career, and between 1799 and 1807 published a number of medical works, including a work on gout in 1805. He was also responsible for the earliest writings on the subject of peritonitis in English medical literature.

James Parkinson was the first person to systematically describe 6 individuals with symptoms of the disease that bears his name. Unusually for such a description, he did not actually examine these patients himself but observed them on daily walks. [http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7B16DEE646-F585-4AC2-A1D4-AA40D22ABD5F%7D_jamesparkinson.pdf] It was Jean Martin Charcot who coined the term "Parkinson's disease" over 60 years later.

Parkinson was also interested in improving the general health and well-being of the population. He wrote several medical doctrines that exposed a similar zeal for the health and welfare of the people that was expressed by his political activism. He was a crusader for legal protection for the mentally ill, as well as their doctors and families.

In 1812 Parkinson assisted his son with the first described case of appendicitis in English, and the first instance in which perforation was shown to be the cause of death.

cience

Parkinson's interest gradually turned from medicine to nature, specifically the relatively new field of geology, and paleontology. He began collecting specimens and drawings of fossils in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He took his children and friends on excursions to collect and observe fossil plants and animals. His attempts to learn more about fossil identification and interpretation were frustrated by a lack of available literature, and so he took the decision to improve matters by writing his own introduction to the study of fossils.

In 1804 the first volume of his "Organic Remains of the Former World" was published. Gideon Mantell praised it as "the first attempt to give a familiar and scientific account of fossils". A second volume was published in 1808, and a third in 1811. Parkinson illustrated each volume, sometimes in color. The plates were later re-used by Gideon Mantell. In 1822 he published the shorter "Elements of Oryctology: an Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains, especially of those found in British Strata".

Parkinson also contributed several papers to William Nicholson’s "A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts", and in the first, second, and fifth volumes of the "Geological Society’s Transactions".

On November 13, 1807, Parkinson and a number of other distinguished gentlemen met at the Freemasons' Tavern in London. The gathering included such great names as Sir Humphry Davy, Arthur Aikin, and George Bellas Greenough. This was to be the first meeting of the Geological Society of London.

Parkinson belonged to a school of thought, Catastrophism, that concerned itself with the belief that the Earth's geology and biosphere were shaped by recent large-scale cataclysms. He cited the Noachian deluge of Genesis as an example, and he firmly believed that creation and extinction were processes guided by the hand of God. His view on Creation was that each 'day' was actually a much longer period, that lasted perhaps tens of thousands of years in length.

Memorials

Parkinson's life is commemorated with a stone tablet inside the church of St Leonard's, Shoreditch, where he was a member of the congregation; his grave is in the churchyard of St Leonard's. In addition, there is a blue plaque at 1 Hoxton Square, marking the site of his home.

References

*Citation
id = PMID:14368866
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14368866
last=MORRIS
first=A D
publication-date=1955 Apr 9
year=1955
title=James Parkinson, born April 11, 1755.
volume=268
issue=6867
periodical=Lancet
pages=761-3
*Citation
id = PMID:13265780
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13265780
last=EYLES
first=J M
publication-date=1955 Sep 24
year=1955
title=James Parkinson; 1755-1824.
volume=176
issue=4482
periodical=Nature
pages=580-1
*Citation
id = PMID:13576252
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13576252
last=McHENRY
first=L C
publication-date=1958 Sep
year=1958
title=Surgeon and palaeontologist, James Parkinson.
volume=51
issue=9
periodical=The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association
pages=521-3
*Citation
id = PMID:13590427
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13590427
last=NELSON
first=J N
publication-date=1958 Oct 2
year=1958
title=James Parkinson.
volume=259
issue=14
periodical=N. Engl. J. Med.
pages=686-7
*Citation
id = PMID:14103628
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14103628
publication-date=1964 Jan
year=1964
title=JAMES PARKINSON.
volume=15
issue=
periodical=Medical science
pages=95
*Citation
id = PMID:4949271
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4949271
last=Mulhearn
first=R J
publication-date=1971 May
year=1971
title=The history of James Parkinson and his disease.
volume=1
issue=
periodical=Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine
pages=Suppl 1:1-6
*Citation
id = PMID:4576771
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4576771
last=Jefferson
first=M
publication-date=1973 Jun 9
year=1973
title=James Parkinson, 1775-1824.
volume=2
issue=5866
periodical=British medical journal
pages=601-3
*Citation
id = PMID:785393
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/785393
last=Brian
first=V A
publication-date=1976 Aug 5
year=1976
title=The man behind the name: James Parkinson, 1755-1824.
volume=72
issue=31
periodical=Nursing times
pages=1201
*Citation
id = PMID:346008
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/346008
last=Yahr
first=M D
publication-date=1978 Apr
year=1978
title=A physician for all seasons. James Parkinson 1755-1824.
volume=35
issue=4
periodical=Arch. Neurol.
pages=185-8
*Citation
id = PMID:3511403
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3511403
last=Tyler
first=K L
last2=Tyler
first2=H R
publication-date=1986 Feb
year=1986
title=The secret life of James Parkinson (1755-1824): the writings of Old Hubert.
volume=36
issue=2
periodical=Neurology
pages=222-4
*Citation
id = PMID:3077340
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3077340
last=Herzberg
first=L
publication-date=1987
year=1987
title=Dr James Parkinson.
volume=24
issue=
periodical=Clinical and experimental neurology
pages=221-3
*Citation
id = PMID:10994050
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10994050
last=Sakula
first=
publication-date=2000 Feb
year=2000
title=James parkinson (1755-1824)
volume=8
issue=1
periodical=Journal of medical biography
pages=59
*Citation
id = PMID:8929162
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8929162
last=Currier
first=R D
publication-date=1996 Apr
year=1996
title=Did John Hunter give James Parkinson an idea?
volume=53
issue=4
periodical=Arch. Neurol.
pages=377-8

External links

* [http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7B16DEE646-F585-4AC2-A1D4-AA40D22ABD5F%7D_jamesparkinson.pdf Information sheet about James Parkinson] published by the Parkinson's Disease Society of the UK.
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/392.html Biography of James Parkinson] from Who Named It?
* Project Gutenberg text of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/23777 An Essay on the Shaking Palsy]