Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey

Official Seal
Established 6 September 1943 [1]
Type Private multiple-campus university
Rector Salvador Alva[2]
Academic staff 8,567 (2010) [3]
Students 90,173 (2010) [3]
Undergraduates 49,498 (2010) [3]
Postgraduates 17,136 (2010) [3]
Location Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Mexico
25°39′05″N 100°17′26″W / 25.651435°N 100.290686°W / 25.651435; -100.290686Coordinates: 25°39′05″N 100°17′26″W / 25.651435°N 100.290686°W / 25.651435; -100.290686
Campus 31 across Mexico; mostly urban [4]
Colors White and blue         
Athletics Borregos Salvajes (Rams)
Affiliations SACS, APRU, Universitas 21, ECIU, ANUIES, CUDI, FIMPES
Website http://www.itesm.edu
High school students account for the difference between its total number of students and the sum of graduate and undergraduate students.

The Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (in Spanish: Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, ITESM) commonly shortened as Monterrey Institute of Technology (Tecnológico de Monterrey) or Monterrey Tech (Tec de Monterrey) is one of the largest private, nonsectarian and coeducational multi-campus universities in Latin America with over 90,000 students at the high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.[3] Based in Monterrey, Mexico, the Institute has 31 campuses in 25 cities throughout the country[4] and is known for becoming the first university ever connected to the Internet in Latin America[5] and the Spanish-speaking world,[6][nb 1] having one of the top graduate business schools in the region[7] and being one of the leaders in patent applications among Mexican universities.[8]

Contents

History

Main article: History of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

Early years

The Institute was founded on 6 September 1943 by a group of local businessmen led by Eugenio Garza Sada, a moneyed heir of a brewing conglomerate who was interested in creating an institution that could provide highly skilled personnel — both university graduates and technicians— to the booming Monterrey corporations of the 1940s.[9] The group was structured into a non-profit organization called Enseñanza e Investigación Superior A.C. (EISAC) and recruited several academicians led by León Ávalos y Vez, an MIT alumnus and then director-general of the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of the National Polytechnic Institute, who designed its first academic programs and served as its first director-general.[10]

In its early years the Institute operated at Abasolo 858 Oriente in a large, two-story house located a block and a half away from Zaragoza Square, behind the city's Metropolitan Cathedral.[10] As these facilities soon proved to be insufficient, it started renting out adjacent buildings and by 1945 it became apparent that a university campus was necessary. For that reason, a master plan was commissioned to Enrique de la Mora and on 3 February 1947 what would later be known as its Monterrey Campus was inaugurated by Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdés.[1]

Because the operations of the local companies were highly reliant on U.S. markets, investments, and technology; internationalization became one of its earliest priorities. In 1950 it became the first foreign university in history to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS),[11] one of the six regional accreditation agencies recognized by the United States Department of Education. Its foreign accreditation would end up being a decisive influence in its development, as it was forced to submit itself to external evaluation earlier than most Mexican universities (1967)[11] and unlocked additional sources of revenue, such as tuition funds from foreign students interested in taking summer courses in Mexico for full-academic credit.[11]

Expansion

The Eugenio Garza Sada Memorial honors the Institute's chief founder and promoter at the Monterrey Campus.

Its growth outside the city of Monterrey began in the late-1960s, when both its rector and head of academics lobbied for expansion. A first attempt, funded a few years earlier by several businessmen from Mexicali, Baja California, was staffed and organized by the Institute but faced opposition from the Board of Trustees once the federal government refused any additional subsidy[12] and members of the Board cast doubt on its ability to get funds as an out-of-state university. At the end the project was renamed Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior (CETYS) and grew into a fully independent institution.[10][13]

Aside from the CETYS experiment and the 150 hectares bought in 1951 for the agricultural program's experimental facilities in nearby Apodaca, Nuevo León, no other expansion outside Monterrey was attempted until 1967, when a school of maritime studies was built in the port of Guaymas, Sonora. Shortly thereafter, premises were built in Obregón and courses began to be offered in Mexico City. Those premises and the ones that followed, then called external units, were fully dependant of the Monterrey Campus until 1984, when they were restructured as semi-independent campuses and reorganized in regional rectorates (see Organization).

In 1987, when the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools demanded faculty members with master's degrees to lecture 100% of its undergraduate courses,[14] the Institute invested considerably in both distance learning and computer network technologies and training, effectively becoming, on 1 February 1989, the first university ever connected to the Internet in both Latin America[5] and the Spanish-speaking world.[6] Such efforts contributed to the creation of its Virtual University a few years later and allowed it to become the first country-code top level domain registry in Mexico; first by itself from 1989 to 1995, and then as a major shareholder of NIC Mexico, the current national registry.[15]

Campuses

The Institute has campuses in twenty-five Mexican cities (see: Campuses by region).

There are thirty-three campuses of the Institute distributed in twenty-five Mexican cities. Each campus is relatively independent but shares a national academic curriculum (see Academics). The flagship campus is located in Monterrey, where the national, system-wide rectorate is located. Most of them deliver both high school and undergraduate education, some offer postgraduate programs and only five (Cumbres, Eugenio Garza Sada, Eugenio Garza Lagüera, Santa Catarina and Valle Alto) deliver high school courses exclusively. Nevertheless, Virtual University curricular and extension courses and seminars are usually available at most facilities.

Campuses by region

As of 2010, campuses were divided in the following Mexican regions:[4]

According to CNN-Expansión, the Institute is planning to build a new Campus in China.[16]

Other infrastructure

The Rectorate (left) and the CETEC towers at the Monterrey Campus.

In addition to the campuses, the Institute manages:

Organization

The Old Library Building, current Rectorate, was designed by Enrique de la Mora, displays a bas relief by Jorge González Camarena and holds one of the largest collections of Don Quixote incunabula, an original edition of L'Encyclopédie and other bibliographical treasures.[1]

All campuses are sponsored by non-profit organizations composed primarily of local businesspeople. The Monterrey Campus is sponsored by Enseñanza e Investigación Superior, A.C. (EISAC), which co-sponsored the system as a whole until a newly built organization, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, A.C. (ITESMAC) overtook those responsibilities.[13] Such organizations (effectively serving as boards of trustees) are responsible for electing the rectors or directors of a particular campus. Since 1997, the president of ITESMAC is Lorenzo Zambrano, a class of 1966 alumnus and current head of Cemex, the World's third largest cement producer.[20] Former presidents include the founder, Eugenio Garza Sada (1943–73) and his son, Eugenio Garza Lagüera (1973–97), who both served as chairman of the board of what would later be called FEMSA, Latin America's largest bottling group.[21]

Internally, a system-wide rectorate based in Monterrey oversee six regional rectorates that supervise all campuses nationwide and several vice-rectorates attending internal affairs. Since 2011, the system-wide rector is Salvador Alva, former president of PepsiCo Foods & Beverages Latin America.[2] Former heads of the Institute include:

High schools

Following the historical trend of Mexico's largest universities,[24] the Institute sponsors several high schools that share one or more national curricula: bilingual, bicultural, multicultural and/or International Baccalaureate, which is administered from Geneva, Switzerland.[25] As of May 2010, over 23,000 students in several campuses were registered as high school students within the system.[3]

TecMilenio University

The Institute broadcasts its Virtual University courses from both the Mexico State (pictured) and Monterrey campuses.[18]

The TecMilenio University (Universidad TecMilenio) is a private institution of higher education sponsored by the Institute and specialized in both corporate training and short degree programs. Founded in 2002 in order to provide a cheaper alternative to the high costs involved at pursuing a degree at the Institute and, purportedly, to fend-off foreign for-profit schools that have entered the country in recent years,[26] the university serves some 21,000 students at high school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels; frequently through online courses. As of 2009, TecMilenio was training personnel of companies such as the Philips, H-E-B, BBVA Bancomer and Cemex.[27]

Virtual University

The Virtual University (Universidad Virtual) delivers most of the Institute's distance education courses, conferences and seminars. It broadcasts from either Monterrey or State of Mexico campuses to some 1430 reception sites across Latin America[18] and has developed several social programs in partnership with the World Bank Institute[28] and The Nature Conservancy.[29] As of 2008 every postgraduate program (except for the two most recently created) are accredited as Level 1 (the highest) by the Inter-Institutional Committees for Higher Education Evaluation[30] (see Accreditations).

Academics

The oldest academic building in the Monterrey Campus, Aulas I, and the towers of the Center of Advanced Production Technology (CETEC), which house several research centers.

Academically, the university is organized into several departments and divisions —as opposed to the traditional faculty school scheme used by most Mexican public universities— and it was the first Mexican university in history to divide the academic year in semesters (which used to run from February to June and from September to January) and to offer summer courses.[13] Current academic calendar for both high school and undergraduate students is composed of two semesters running from August to December and from January to May (each lasting between 15 to 16 weeks) and an optional summer session from June to July, where at most two courses can be taken in an intensive basis.

As of 2010, the Institute offers 57 undergraduate degrees, of which 37 are taught in English and are generally awarded after nine semesters of study (except for Medicine and Architecture);[3] 53 master's degrees, generally lasting three to five semesters (and can also be structured in three-months terms),[3] and 10 doctorate degrees varying in length according to their academic field.[3]

Admissions

Since 1969 the Institute requires every college applicant to achieve a minimum pass mark at an academic aptitude test (Prueba de Aptitud Académica, PAA) delivered by The College Board, a not-for-profit examination board in the United States.[31] However, each campus is free to request additional requirements; such as a grade average of 80 or 90 in high school (on a 100-point scale) for those willing to transfer or apply to the Monterrey Campus.[32] As of January 2008, 50% of the freshman class at the Monterrey Campus had an average grade of 90 and 25% had an average grade of 95 out of 100 at high school level.[33] As for the graduate schools, the requirements may vary according to the discipline, such as a grade average of 80/100 and 550-points in both the GMAT and the TOEFL for some programs at its Graduate Business School (EGADE).[34]

Accreditations

The International Center for Advanced Learning (CIAP).

Studies at the Tech are officially accredited by the Secretariat of Public Education of Mexico (Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP) and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)[35] of the United States. On November 2008, its graduate business school (EGADE) became one of the 34 business schools in the world to hold simultaneous accreditation of its programs by the AACSB of the United States, the Association of MBAs of the United Kingdom and the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)[36] while the Institute became the first Latin American university in history to receive full-accreditation on some of its engineering programs by ABET (as opposed to the traditional substantially-equivalent designation given to most schools outside the United States).[37]

The quality of its programs is also audited by the Institute of Food Technologists, the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management and by the national accrediting councils of Mexico, such as the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (Consejo para la Acreditación de la Educación Superior, COPAES) and the Inter-Institutional Committees for Higher Education Evaluation (Comités Interinstitucionales de Evaluación de la Educación Superior, CIEES).[38]

As of 2010, 215 undergraduate degrees (99.5%) were accredited by national accrediting councils and 41 were accredited by international accrediting agencies.[3] As for graduate degrees, 8 were accredited by international accrediting agencies and 53 (64%) were listed in the National Census of High-Quality Postgraduate Studies (Padrón Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad, PNPC) by the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT).[3]

Academic memberships

Its 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft) Center for Advanced Design at the Guadalajara Campus.[39]

The Institute is the only Latin American institution at the European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) —an organization committed to innovations in both teaching and learning[40]— and at Universitas 21; an international network of research-intensive universities established as an "international reference point and resource for strategic thinking on issues of global significance."[41] It is also the only Mexican university, along the National Autonomous University of Mexico, to be enrolled at the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, an international consortium of leading research universities including Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley and Caltech.[42] The Institute was also the first private university to become a member of the National Association of Universities and Institutions of Higher Education of Mexico (ANUIES) back when it was composed entirely by public universities (1958)[11] and is a full member of the Mexican Federation of Private Institutions of Higher Education (Federación de Instituciones Mexicanas Particulares de Educación Superior, FIMPES).

Faculty

The Institute has over 8,500 professors at high school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels: 32.8% full-time, 67.2% part-time, and all of them have the appropriate academic credentials to lecture at their corresponding academic level according to the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[3] As of December 2009 some 621 professors taught courses, worked in international projects or attended seminars or congresses at foreign universities while some 818 foreign professors read courses at the Tech.[3] As for their academic development, its faculty training program was bestowed with the 2004 Andrew Heiskell Award for Innovation in International Education by the Institute of International Education.[43]

Libraries

The Institute has at least thirty-three libraries in twenty-five Mexican cities holding over 2.4 million books, publications, and 46 types of electronic databases with at least 51,000 specialized magazines and academic journals and over 9000 e-books.[44] Its Cervantean Library, named after Miguel de Cervantes and located in the current rectorate, holds one of the largest collections of Don Quixote incunabula, an original edition of L'Encyclopédie, and other bibliographical treasures while the main library of the Monterrey Campus holds the personal collections of archaeologist Ignacio Bernal.[45]

Rankings

Its graduate business school, EGADE, is ranked among the best business schools in the world by several sources (see rankings).

Overall, the Institute is the only Mexican university besides the National Autonomous University of Mexico to be ranked at the 2010 QS World University Rankings, in which it was classified #65 worldwide at its Employer's Review, #269 in Engineering and Information Technology, #232 in Social Sciences and #387 at its overall ranking.[46] In the 2010 International Professional Ranking of World Universities, developed by the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, it ranked 224 out of 390 worldwide.[47]

Among its graduate schools, EGADE has been ranked 7th among the best business schools outside the United States according to the Wall Street Journal (2006),[48] 4th in the world in business ethics and social-responsibility programs according to BusinessWeek magazine (2005),[49] among the 100 best graduate business schools in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit (2009)[50] and its OneMBA program, delivered in partnership with four different institutions (see Joint programs and international partnerships below) was ranked 27 worldwide by the Financial Times in its 2009 Executive Master in Business Administration rankings.[51]

Joint programs and international partnerships

Some of its academic programs are offered as joint degrees or in partnership with foreign universities:

  • Its Master of Science in Information Technology is offered as a joint degree with Carnegie-Mellon University,[52] which is ranked 4th for graduate studies in computer science in 2008 according to US News and World Report and 7th in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences among Shanghai Jiao Tong University's world's top 100 universities.[53]
Ricardo Legorreta designed the EGAP CEMEX building, which houses the Graduate School of Public Administration and Public Policy, at San Pedro Garza García, a suburb of Monterrey.[54]
  • The Global MBA for Latin American Managers is offered in partnership with the Thunderbird School of Global Management, which has been ranked consistently by US News & World Report as the #1 school in International Management since 1995.[55]
  • The institute has a strategic partnership with Johns Hopkins Hospital through Johns Hopkins Medicine International.
  • The Master of Business Administration with a concentration in Global Business and Strategy (MBA-GBS) is a double degree MBA program jointly offered by the Graduate School of Business Administration and Leadership (EGADE) at the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, and the Belk College of Business (Belk College) at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.[57]
  • Several high schools offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, which is administered by the Geneva-based International Baccalaureate.[25]

Research

Its Femsa Biotechnology Center (left) is the leading source of patent applications among its research centers.[59] In 2008 the Tech was the leading patent applicant among Mexican universities[60] and generated thrice as many international patents as its closest competitors.[61]

Although some of the founding members of its faculty were prominent researchers (first rector León Ávalos y Vez had formed a National Commission on Science and served as director-general of the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of the National Polytechnic Institute) formal research activities at the Tech did not start until 1951, when its Institute of Industrial Research was founded in close collaboration with the Southwest Research Institute of San Antonio, Texas —one of the oldest and largest independent, nonprofit, applied research and development organizations in the United States.[62]

Notwithstanding some reputable achievements, throughout most of the 20th century its research activities —normally financed independently or under private sponsorship— were rather scarce in comparison to public universities such as the National Autonomous University of Mexico or the National Polytechnic Institute, whose budgets make up to 30% of the federal spending in higher education and, as such, are heavily financed by the government through the federal budget.[63]

Despite its inherent difficulties to secure research funds in a developing country where private sponsorship barely accounts for 1.1% of the national spending on science,[64] a new institutional mission in 2005 made social and scientific research in Mexico's strategic areas one of its top priorities for the next decade. As a result, new corporate endowments and funds were committed, new research programs were created (including the first research program financed by Google in Latin America)[65] and important labs and infrastructure have been built, such as the US$ 43 million Femsa Biotechnology Center,[66] the Water Center for Latin America and the Caribbean (financed by the Inter-American Development Bank and the Femsa Foundation),[67] the Motorola Research and Development Center on Home & Networks Mobility,[68] its MXN $24 million Center for Advanced Design at the Guadalajara Campus[39] and, in association with the Mainz Institute of Microtechnology of Germany (IMM), the first center of chemical micro process engineering in Latin America.[69]

Additionally, the Institute developed a researcher-friendly patent scheme that aims to attract talented researchers and reduce the national brain drain. The scheme, in which the researcher may receive up to 30% of the patent licencing income,[70] works in combination with its internal MXN$ 100,000 Rómulo Garza Prize and its national MXN$ 200,000 Luis Elizondo Prize and has allowed it to became the leading patent applicant among Mexican universities since 2006.[8]

Student life

An American football player from the State of Mexico Campus overlooks the playing field. Teams from the Institute won every single American Football Collegiate Championship in Mexico from 1998 to 2008.[71]

Student life, traditions and activities vary notably among campuses. Generally speaking, student involvement is encouraged by the local campus through an office of student affairs, which supervises most of the student clubs, regional associations and its student federation.

The Institute goes great lengths to provide scholarships to those in need, awarding partial financial assistance to up to 47.65% of its student population.[3] However, with tuition fees of almost MXN $160,000 per academic year[72] (among the highest in Latin America according to Forbes magazine)[73] most of its student community comes from upper and upper-middle class and the overall atmosphere is arguably politically and socially conservative. For example, there are no official LGBT student clubs or associations; no coeducational residence halls; opposite-sex visits are forbidden in dormitories; attendance is taken daily at 10:00 p.m. in women's dormitories[74] and some high school staff in the Mexico City Campus has publicly admonished students for questioning conservative politicians during school visits[75] (although no disciplinary action was ever taken).[76]

The number of international students vary notably among campuses. As of December 2009, some 4,516 foreign students were studying in one of its campuses while 5,746 Tech students were taking courses in a foreign university.[3]

Athletics

See also: Borregos Salvajes
The Estadio Tecnológico, aside from hosting athletic and cultural events, hosts professional football matches since 1952[77] and served as an official venue for the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship[78] and the 1986 FIFA World Cup.[79]

The Tech has a good record in college athletics, picking up over 18% of the medals at the 2007 national collegiate competition (Universiada)[80] and one of its campuses won every American Football Collegiate Championship in Mexico (ONEFA) from 1998 to 2008.[71] Such accomplishments were possible through the Institute's investments in sports facilities and personnel and a well-funded and comprehensive athletic scholarships program, which attracted a significant number of promising athletes but prompted allegations of talent drain by some of its rivals.[81] Before the 2009 season the Institute decided to part ways with the organization and create a new league;[82] however, the league didn't materialize after other breakaway universities decided to remain in the ONEFA.[83] The Institute asked to return to the organization, but the ONEFA Board decided that the request should be formally presented in its next ordinary meeting, after the 2009 season,[84] which its four teams ended up playing between themselves in a Tech-only championship.[85] For the 2010 season, the Institute decided not to participate in the ONEFA championship and, instead, asked the CONADEIP, a national athletic association of private educational institutions, to create an American football championship.[86]

Although there are local adaptations, since 1945 the system-wide sports mascot is the ram (borrego salvaje), traditionally embodied in a male bighorn sheep. A somewhat popular urban legend states that the mascot was chosen by the American football team on its way to a match, after spotting a male sheep on the road. According to the official sources, however, the mascot was chosen during an official contest held by students in the mid-1940s.[11]

Noted people

See also: Category:Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni and Category:Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty
Carlos Gutiérrez, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce. From December 2006 to January 2009 both secretaries of commerce of Mexico and the United States were Tech alumni (see Noted people).

The Institute has graduated prominent and influential members in several areas, particularly among the Latin American business community. From December 2006 to January 2009 both the U.S. Secretary of Commerce and the Mexican Secretary of Economy (former Kelloggs' CEO Carlos Gutiérrez[87] and Gerardo Ruiz Mateos[88]) were Tech alumni. Other businesspeople include Cemex' CEO Lorenzo Zambrano,[89] FEMSA's CEO José Antonio Fernández Carbajal,[90] Grupo Salinas' CEO Ricardo Salinas Pliego[91] and Casa Cuervo's CEO Juan Beckman.[92]

In science and technology, Alexander Balankin, former lecturer at the Mexico City Campus,[93] has received the 2005 UNESCO Science Prize for his works on Fractal Mechanics; Ernesto Enkerlin received UNESCO's 2005 Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation for his involvement in sustainability[94] and two alumni have been members of the United States President's Information Technology Advisory Committee: Pedro Celis (Distinguished Engineer at Microsoft) and Héctor García Molina, former Director of Stanford University's Computer Science Department, 1999 ACM SIGMOD Innovations Award[95] and highest h-index in Computer Science.[96]

In politics, at least two late presidential candidates and democracy activists, Luis Donaldo Colosio and Manuel Clouthier, were former graduates and over a dozen Mexican governors and cabinet members have attended classes at the Tech, including former Secretary of Commerce and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) negotiator Herminio Blanco. In cultural affairs, Gabriel Zaid has distinguished himself as one of the leading Mexican intellectuals of the 20th century and in sports Fernando Platas and Víctor Estrada have both won Olympics medals, while former coach of Mexico's national football team, Miguel Mejía Barón, is in charge of the Football Department at Puebla.[97]

As for staff and faculty, at least two rectors or directors of different universities have been lecturers or members of the staff at the Tech: former Secretary of Economy and Foreign Relations, Luis Ernesto Derbez at the University of the Americas, Puebla and Enrique Cabrero Mendoza at CIDE. In addition, current rector Rafael Rangel Sostmann is member of the External Advisory Council of the World Bank Institute.

Notes

  1. ^ The first connection from Spain was completed in mid-1990 (see Sanz) while the Institute was connected in February 1989 (see Islas).

References

  1. ^ a b c Elizondo Elizondo, Ricardo (1993) (in Spanish). El Tecnológico de Monterrey: Relación de 50 años. Tecnológico de Monterrey. OCLC 30485259. http://books.google.com/books?id=onGUGAAACAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
  2. ^ a b c "Salvador Alva nuevo Rector del Sistema Tecnológico de Monterrey" (in Spanish). Milenio. 2011. http://monterrey.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/75d9bcfb7cba54dfc1973e6f4753d9b6. Retrieved 2011-10-15. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Datos y cifras" (in Spanish). Tecnológico de Monterrey. May 2010. http://www.itesm.edu/wps/wcm/connect/ITESM/Tecnologico+de+Monterrey/Nosotros/Que+es+el+Tecnologico+de+Monterrey/Datos+y+cifras/. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  4. ^ a b c d e "¿Dónde estamos?" (in Spanish). Tecnológico de Monterrey. http://www.itesm.edu/wps/wcm/connect/ITESM/Tecnologico+de+Monterrey/herramientas/Donde+estamos/En+Mexico. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  5. ^ a b Islas, Octavio; Gutiérrez, Fernando (December 2001). "El porvenir de NIC México" (in Spanish). Razón y Palabra. http://www.cem.itesm.mx/dacs/publicaciones/logos/espejo/2001/diciembre.html. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  6. ^ a b Sanz, Miguel A.. "Fundamentos históricos de la Internet en Europa y en España" (in Spanish). RedIRIS. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528061427/http://www.rediris.es/rediris/boletin/45/enfoque2.html. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "Así, fruto de esta decisión, la primera conexión plena desde España a la Internet tuvo lugar a mediados del año 1990" 
  7. ^ Economist Intelligence Unit. "EGADE—Tec de Monterrey". Economist Intelligence Unit. http://mba.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=school_snapshot&mba_program_id=1970604997&university_id=1960604996&university_name=EGADE%97Tec+de+Monterrey. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "EGADE is generally reckoned to be the best graduate business school in Latin America" 
  8. ^ a b Guerra, Raymundo (2008-01-31). "Investigación:Innovar para tranformar" (in Spanish) (PDF). Panorama. Tecnológico de Monterrey. http://webfolders.mty.itesm.mx/panorama/pdf/2008/01-31/p01.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "Por segundo año consecutivo somos la universidad mexicana con más solicitudes de patentes ante el IMPI, el reto ahora es el cómo estas patentes pueden llegar a ser comercializadas" [dead link]
  9. ^ Elizondo Elizondo, Ricardo (2000) (in Spanish). Setenta veces siete. Monterrey, Mexico: Ediciones Castillo. pp. 25–26. ISBN 970200098X 9789702000983. OCLC 46366375. http://books.google.com/books?id=b6a2AAAACAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "Circula la versión – errónea, pero compartida por muchos – de que surgió como escuela técnica y evolucionó hasta convertirse en universidad. También es falsa la suposición de que se desarrolló siguiendo el modelo del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, alma mater de don Eugenio Garza Sada, el promotor de la idea y uno de sus fundadores. En realidad, el proyecto nació de la visión de un grupo de empresarios consciente de la necesidad de preparar dentro del país a los profesionistas que se requerían para la construcción del México moderno…El país contaba entonces con capital y también con mano de obra, pero no con personal que estuviera calificado para encargarse de la supervisión y la administración de la planta industrial: en una palabra, faltaban los mandos intermedios, mismos que, a su vez, deberían conocer las características de la cultura mexicana. Era indispensable que los profesionistas que requerían las empresas de casa se educaran en casa; eso sí, a condición de que tanto la educación como los graduados fueran de calidad equiparable a lo que se ofrecía fuera de México." 
  10. ^ a b c Mendirichaga, Rodrigo (1982) (in Spanish). El Tecnológico de Monterrey: Sucesos, anécdotas, personajes. Monterrey, Mexico: Ediciones Castillo. OCLC 17117284. http://books.google.com/books?id=NaFPAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
  11. ^ a b c d e Elizondo Elizondo, Ricardo (2000) (in Spanish). Setenta veces siete. Monterrey, Mexico: Ediciones Castillo. ISBN 970200098X 9789702000983. OCLC 46366375. http://books.google.com/books?id=b6a2AAAACAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
  12. ^ Gómez Junco, Horacio (1997) (in Spanish). Desde adentro. Monterrey, Mexico: Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Nuevo León. p. 178. ISBN 9701800567 9789701800560. OCLC 44019433. http://books.google.com/books?id=1KBPAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. "[E]l exrector del Tec, Víctor Bravo Ahuja, entonces subsecretario de Educación Pública, prometió un subsidio para la naciente escuela, siempre y cuando no llevara el nombre del Tecnológico de Monterrey. No era conveniente, decía, pues eran los tiempos en que el gobierno federal todavía mostraba franca animadversión en contra del Grupo Monterrey" 
  13. ^ a b c Gómez Junco, Horacio (1997) (in Spanish). Desde adentro. Monterrey, Mexico: Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Nuevo León. ISBN 9701800567 9789701800560. OCLC 44019433. http://books.google.com/books?id=1KBPAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
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