Carcerand

A carcerand is a host molecule that completely entraps it guest so that it will not escape even at high temperatures. ["Shell closure of two cavitands forms carcerand complexes with components of the medium as permanent guests" Donald J. Cram, Stefan Karbach, Young Hwan Kim, Lubomir Baczynskyj, Gregory W. KallemeynJ. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1985; 107(8); 2575-2576. [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/1985/107/i08/f-pdf/f_ja00294a076.pdf Abstract] ] This type of molecule was first described by Donald J. Cram in 1985 and is derived from the Latin "carcer", or prison. The complexes formed by a carcerand with permanently imprisoned guests are called carceplexes.

In contrast hemicarcerands allow guests to enter and exit the cavity at high temperatures but will form stable complexes at ambient temperatures. ["Recent Highlights in Hemicarcerand Chemistry" Ralf Warmuth and Juyoung Yoon, Accounts of Chemical Research Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 95-105, "2001".] The complexes formed by a hemicarcerand and a guests are called hemicarceplexes.

Reactivity of bound guests

Cram described the interior of the container compound as the inner phase in which radically different reactivity was observed. ["The Inner Phase of Molecular Container Compounds as a Novel Reaction Environment" Ralf Warmuth Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 37: 1–38, 2000.] He used a hemicarcerand to isolate highly unstable, antiaromatic cylobutadiene at room temperature. The hemicarcerand stabilizes guests within its cavity by preventing their reaction with other molecules.

Synthesis

The first generation carcerands are based on calixarene hemicarcerands with 4 alkyl substituents on the upper rim and 4 reactive substituents on the lower rim. The coupling of both hemicarcerands takes place through a spacer group. In the original 1985 publication two different hemicarcerands react, one with chloromethyl reactive groups and one with thiomethyl reactive groups in a nucleophilic displacement and the resulting the spacer group is a dimethylsulfide (CH₂SCH₂). In this experiment the quests were the molecules already present in the reaction medium such as argon and dimethylformamide.

In another configuration the 4 lower rim functional groups are aldehydes which condense with O-Phenylenediamine to the corresponding di-imines. The 4 spacer groups connecting the two spheres are now much longer and consequently the internal cavity is much larger. Compounds trapped in the cavity are said to be held there by constrictive binding. ["Constrictive binding of large guests by a hemicarcerand containing four portals" Mimi L. C. Quan, Donald J. Cram J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1991; 113(7); 2754-2755. [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/1991/113/i07/f-pdf/f_ja00007a060.pdf Abstract] ] They can be introduced by simply heating in neat solvent like hexachlorobutadiene (a fungicide). The half-life of the reverse process is 3.2 hours at 25 °C in CDCl₃ by NMR analysis. Ferrocene can be introduced by heating with the hemicarcerand in a large bulky solvent such as tripiperidylphosphine oxide. The half-life for ferrocene liberation is 19.6 hours at 112 °C.

Large Carcerands

The internal cavity of a carcerand can be as large as 1700 ų (1.7 nm³) when six hemicarcerands form a single octahedral compound. ["One-Pot, 18-Component Synthesis of an Octahedral Nanocontainer Molecule" Xuejun Liu, Yong Liu, Gina Li, Ralf Warmuth, Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 45, Issue 6 , Pages 901 - 904 2006 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504049 Abstract] ] This is accomplished by dynamic covalent chemistry in a one-pot condensation of 6 equivalents of a tetraformyl calixarene and 12 equivalents of ethylene diamine with trifluoroacetic acid catalyst in chloroform at room temperature followed by reduction of the imine bonds with sodium borohydride.

References